miscellaneous Flashcards
Elastin fibres location/structure
skin, blood vessels, lungs
Collagen fibres location/function
bone cartilage tendons ligaments
resist pulling forces
Reticular fibres location
Basement membrane, networks through adipose tissue, nervous fibres, smooth muscle tissue
Fibrillin in marfans syndrome and function
dominant mutation, 1/20000 births
fibrillin is a large glycoprotein that provides strength and stability to elastin by acting as scaffold
Macrophages and neutrophils location
sites of III, inflammation, injury, infection.
plasma cells - antibodies
gut, spleen, lungs, red bone marrow, salivary glands, lymph nodes
Loose Adipose tissue location
orbit of eye (butt, flanks etc)
with areolar CT (inc fibroblasts)
osteocytes have what junctions
gap junctions
lamellae structure
collagen for tensile strength (minerals hardness etc..)
irregular CT location
dermis (muscle fascia, eyeball)
dense elastic location
lungs, arteries, trachea, bronchi, actual vocal cords, ligaments between vertebrae
exophthalmus
autoimmune over activation of thyroid (swelling called goitre), autoimmune overstimulation of fibroblasts. Increased secretion of GAGS and water attracted.
trophoblast function
-thickens uterine wall
-secretes protease enzymes to allow for implantation
-secretes hormones (human chorionic gonadotropin) to inhibit menstruation
peptide chains twists two ways:
pi and sine, together are ramachandran angles
albumin
most abundant protein in Blood ECM (plasma), produced by liver hepatocytes.
skin functions
epidermis - vitamin D production
dermis - feeds epidermis; thermoregulation; sensory receptors
Hypodermis - stores fat; attaches skin to deeper layers
location of post translation modifications
golgi body or cytosol
checkpoints of gene expression
1.) transcription factors need to assemble, DNA accessibility
2.) processing of pre-mRNA
3.) nuclear pores proteins regulate mRNA
4.) regulatory proteins can block translation, life span of mRNA
release factor
binds to stop codon of mRNA, promotes hydrolysis between p-site tRNA and last aa, releasing polypeptide chain
smooth muscle locations
general: walls of hollow internal structures
examples: intestines, blood vessels, (respiratory, urinary, digestive systems), skin erector pili, iris of eye
neuron types dendrite numbers
multipolar (2 or more) and unipolar - multiple
bipolar - 1 dendrite that can branch
neuron types abundance
multipolar (motor) most abundant
bipolar (special senses) rare
unipolar (most sensory) middle?
anaxonic rare
neuron types size
multipolar and unipolar - longest (spinal cord to toe)
bipolar - small
where does splicing occur/on what
spliceosome - large complex of proteins and small RNAs
gap junctions in muscle types
cardiac: yes - intercalated discs, specialised connexins in purkinje cells
smooth: depends - lots of gaps in gut, no gaps in iris of eye
skeletal: no
codons are…
3 nucleotides representing 1 amino acid
chorionic villi
differentiated from trophoblasts; found in placenta; facilitate gas and nutrient exchange between foetus and maternal bloodstream
interstitial fluid unexpected function
absorbs fatty fluid from gut
hyaline cartilage location
ends of long bones and anterior of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, embyronic and fetal skeleton
hyaline cartilage function
fine collagen; provides smooth surface for movement at joints, most abundant but weakest cartilage
dense elastic function
strength; stretching and recoiling (after exhaling, between heartbeats)
fibrocartilage function/location
support/joining structures together, strongest cartilage
hip bones junction, intervertebral discs, knees, tendon to cartilage insertions
elastic cartilage location
larynx lid (epiglottis), external of ear (auricle), auditory tubes (eustachian)
chromosome/ chromatid count during meiosis phases
start of meiosis I: 46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids in one diploid cell
Start of meiosis II: 23 chromosomes, 46 chromatids in two diploid cells
end of meiosis II: 23 chromosmes in 4 haploid cells
alpha helix direction
clockwise spirals
entry points of carbs/fats/proteins atp production
carbohydrates break into sugars which enter at glycolysis
proteins break into amino acids which enter at glycolysis/pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle
fats break down into either glycerol entering at glycolysis or fatty acids entering at pyruvate oxidation
glucose levels when diabetes
greater than or equal to 7mmol/L fasting
G1 checkpoint
is dna undamaged?
is cell size/nutrient ok?
appropriate signals present?
if not may exit G zero
M checkpoint prometaphase
all chromosomes attached to spindles?
genetic variation locations
independent assortment at metaphase I
1-3 crossing over events per pair at prophase I (recombination)
