lecture 7 atp synthesis

Question 1

How does ATP release energy

Answer 1

Adenosine triphosphate donates a phosphate group to another molecule to become adenosine diphosphate which releases energy during hydrolysis

Question 2

catabolic vs anabolic

Answer 2

catabolic is breakdown of complex molecules, anabolic is building of complex molecules

Question 3

3 main sources of fuel and what they’re broken down into

Answer 3

carbohydrates –> sugars, proteins –> amino acids –> fats –> simple fats

Question 4

how can energy be lost from ATP production

Answer 4

heat when work is done (digest/absorb food, cellular respiration, cellular work), feces, nitrogenous waste

Question 5

insulin + glucagon function

Answer 5

Insulin (decrease) facilitates glucose from bloodstream into cells for cellular resp or storage; glucagon (increases) facilitates release of glucose into bloodstream.

Question 6

beta cells vs alpha cells function

Answer 6

beta cells secrete insulin, alpha cells secrete glucagon

Question 7

4 steps of ATP production

Answer 7

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), electron transport chain/chemiosmosis

Question 8

glycolysis location

Answer 8

cytosol

Question 9

steps of ATP production in mitochondrial matrix

Answer 9

pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle

Question 10

Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis) location

Answer 10

at proteins within the inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 11

glycolysis products

Answer 11

2 of everything: 2 ATP (4 produced - 2 invested), 2 NADH + 2H^+

Question 12

pyruvate oxidation products

Answer 12

1 pyruvate splits into CO2 and acetyl group, acetyl group joins with S-CoA via coenzyme A to form 1 AcetylCoA

Question 13

Oxygen requirement for 4 steps of cellular respiration

Answer 13

Glycolysis - no, pyruvate oxidation - yes, citric acid cycle - yes, electron transport chain yes

Question 14

Citric acid cycle products

Answer 14

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO2; intermediates used in other metabolic pathways; extraction of energy from glucose is completed

Question 15

Electron donors/carrier of electron transport chain

Answer 15

NADH and FADH2

Question 16

Substrate phosphorylation

Answer 16

Substrate phosphorylation produces ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group FROM SUBSTRATE to ADP

Question 17

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 17

Oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP by OXIDISING NADH and FADH2 through electron transfer/pumping protons

Question 18

where does Substrate phosphorylation occur

Answer 18

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Question 19

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

Answer 19

Electron transport chain

Question 20

Chemiosmosis function + product yield

Answer 20

Passive movements of H+ ions down chemical gradient (from H+ pumping) turns ATP synthase turbine –> phosphorylates ADP to ATP (26 or 28)

Question 21

Oxygen role in electron transport chain

Answer 21

Final electron acceptor “pulls” down electrons; cyanide blocks electrons from getting to oxygen, killing the cell

Question 22

phosphofructokinase function

Answer 22

gatekeeper of cellular respiration - glycolysis. Inhibited by ATP or citrate, stimulated by AMP (accumulates when ATP used up rapidly)

Question 23

diabetes mellitus

Answer 23

increased hunger but weight loss, abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, elevated glucose levels

Question 24

type 1 diabetes

Answer 24

Affects 5-10% of diabetics, usually in children/adolescents, insulin not produced due to autoimmune, genetic, or environmental factors, requires insulin replacement

Question 25

type 2 diabetes

Answer 25

Affects most (>90%) of diabetes, typically adults aged over 40, insulin produced but receptors resistant, related to pathogenic or obesity