lecture 7 atp synthesis Flashcards
How does ATP release energy
Adenosine triphosphate donates a phosphate group to another molecule to become adenosine diphosphate which releases energy during hydrolysis
catabolic vs anabolic
catabolic is breakdown of complex molecules, anabolic is building of complex molecules
3 main sources of fuel and what they’re broken down into
carbohydrates –> sugars, proteins –> amino acids –> fats –> simple fats
how can energy be lost from ATP production
heat when work is done (digest/absorb food, cellular respiration, cellular work), feces, nitrogenous waste
insulin + glucagon function
Insulin (decrease) facilitates glucose from bloodstream into cells for cellular resp or storage; glucagon (increases) facilitates release of glucose into bloodstream.
beta cells vs alpha cells function
beta cells secrete insulin, alpha cells secrete glucagon
4 steps of ATP production
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), electron transport chain/chemiosmosis
glycolysis location
cytosol
steps of ATP production in mitochondrial matrix
pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis) location
at proteins within the inner membrane of mitochondria
glycolysis products
2 of everything: 2 ATP (4 produced - 2 invested), 2 NADH + 2H^+
pyruvate oxidation products
1 pyruvate splits into CO2 and acetyl group, acetyl group joins with S-CoA via coenzyme A to form 1 AcetylCoA
Oxygen requirement for 4 steps of cellular respiration
Glycolysis - no, pyruvate oxidation - yes, citric acid cycle - yes, electron transport chain yes
Citric acid cycle products
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO2; intermediates used in other metabolic pathways; extraction of energy from glucose is completed
Electron donors/carrier of electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2
Substrate phosphorylation
Substrate phosphorylation produces ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group FROM SUBSTRATE to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP by OXIDISING NADH and FADH2 through electron transfer/pumping protons
where does Substrate phosphorylation occur
Glycolysis and citric acid cycle
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
Electron transport chain
Chemiosmosis function + product yield
Passive movements of H+ ions down chemical gradient (from H+ pumping) turns ATP synthase turbine –> phosphorylates ADP to ATP (26 or 28)
Oxygen role in electron transport chain
Final electron acceptor “pulls” down electrons; cyanide blocks electrons from getting to oxygen, killing the cell
phosphofructokinase function
gatekeeper of cellular respiration - glycolysis. Inhibited by ATP or citrate, stimulated by AMP (accumulates when ATP used up rapidly)
diabetes mellitus
increased hunger but weight loss, abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, elevated glucose levels
type 1 diabetes
Affects 5-10% of diabetics, usually in children/adolescents, insulin not produced due to autoimmune, genetic, or environmental factors, requires insulin replacement
type 2 diabetes
Affects most (>90%) of diabetes, typically adults aged over 40, insulin produced but receptors resistant, related to pathogenic or obesity
