blood and immune

Question 1

major components of blood

Answer 1

proteins
glucose
vitamins, hormones
cells
electrolytes, salts and minerals

Question 2

function of electrolytes

Answer 2

HCO3- creatine and creatinine buffer blood pH 7.4, NaCl fluid balance, Ca2+ Mg2+ K+ tissue function

Question 3

serum is…

Answer 3

Coagulated plasma with clot (fibrinogen) removed

Question 4

multiple myeloma what is it and how is it diagnosed

Answer 4

form of leukemia in which b cell overproduces a single type of antibody

serum electrophoresis used to diagnose

Question 5

virulence factors

Answer 5

produced by bacteria to inhibit complement cascade (proteolytic)

Question 6

3 arms of complement

Answer 6

classical - permanently binds to bacteria surface

lectin - activated by lectin protein binding to carbohydrate

alternative - senses bacteria surface no binding needed

Question 7

CD43+ is a

Answer 7

surface antigen marker on multipotent hematopoietic (blood) stem cells which are rare and found in bone marrow

Question 8

albumin protein function and abundance

Answer 8

maintains colloidal osmotic pressure and binds and transports small molecules, hormones

constitutes 50% of total blood protein

Question 9

antibody structure

Answer 9

-2 light chains 2 heavy chains (H-H disulphide join, H-S disulphide join)

-chains made up of Ig domain folds - have loops which can vary aa sequence without affecting stability

-3 loops connecting strands in 1st domains of heavy and light chains are complemetarity determining regions (CDR1,2,3)

Question 10

what do the variable diversity and joining regions code for, what does constant region code for

Answer 10

vdj = CDR3

c = effector region

Question 11

RAG 1 and 2 in b cell maturation

Answer 11

rag1 and rag2 rearrange vdj segments but are only active in b and t cells

Question 12

recombination order of vdj

Answer 12

d to j then v to d

Question 13

where does affinity maturation of b cells occur

Answer 13

lymph node follicles

Question 14

CD4+ helper t cell function

Answer 14

produce cytokines which provide signals for which immune response developed (inflammation, more antibodies or more cytotoxic t cells)

Question 15

4 types of CD4+ cells

Answer 15

Treg = dampens immune response to prevent hyper immune autoreactive

Th1 = promotes cellular response
Th2 = promotes antibody response
Th17 = promtoes inflammatory response

Question 16

neo-antigen

Answer 16

viral or altered self antigen presented by MHC molecule

Question 17

type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 17

atopic allergy
-IgE expressed instead of IgG or IgA when switching from IgM
-mast cells FceR have high affinity for FC region of IgE and release granules causing inflammation and constriction of smooth muscle
-can cause anaphylaxis

Question 18

sensitised mast cell

Answer 18

FC epsilom receptor has high affinity so already bound to IgE. Only small amount of antigen needed to release granules

Question 19

haemolytic anaemia

Answer 19

caused by Rh positive baby born from Rh negative mother whose antibodies attack baby’s RBC