Lecture 3

Question 1

What is the ECM made of

Answer 1

Ground substances + Cells

Question 2

What is Ground substance made of?

Answer 2

Water, Proteins and Polysaccharides

Question 3

What are the polysaccharides?

Answer 3

Glucosamineglycans or mucopolysaccharides

Question 4

What is formed by the joining of glucosamineglycans and core proteins?

Answer 4

Proteoglycans

Question 5

What are the repeating disaccharide units of glucosamineglycans?

Answer 5

Amino sugar (N.acetyglucosamine) and Uronic sugar (Glucuronic acid)

Question 6

What are the sulphate GAGs

Answer 6

Dermatan, Heparin, Keratan, Chondroitin

Question 7

What are non sulphate GAGs?

Answer 7

Hyaluronic acid

Question 8

Why is hyaluronic acid unusual?

Answer 8

Its not sulphated or covalent bound to core proteins

Question 9

Why are GAGs highly polar?

Answer 9

So they can attract water and trap it so that the ground substance is more jelly like

Question 10

What are the functions of hyaluronic acid

Answer 10

Bind cells together, lubricates joints, maintains shape of eyeball

Question 11

What are the functions of hyaluronidase?

Answer 11

Makes ground substance more liquid so they can move more easily in it. Makes access to egg easier for sperm

Question 12

What is the function of Chondroitin

Answer 12

Adhesiveness of bones, cartilage, blood vessels, skin

Question 13

What is the function of Keratan?

Answer 13

Hydrating the cornea, adhesiveness of bone and cartilage

Question 14

What is the function of dermatan

Answer 14

Development of blood vessels, constitutes skin, tendons, heart valves

Question 15

What are the features of Exophthalmos?

Answer 15

Goitre, autoimmune overreaction of thyroid and action of fibroblasts in ECM of eye

Question 16

Why do eyes look swollen in exophthalmos?

Answer 16

Deposition of GAGs and influx of water

Question 17

What are the three different types of protein fibers?

Answer 17

Collagen, Elastin and Reticular

Question 18

What are the features of collagen fibers?

Answer 18

Strong and flexible, Parallel bundles, has different composition in different types of body tissue

Question 19

Where are collagen fibers found?

Answer 19

Tendons, cartilage, bones and ligament

Question 20

What are the features of reticular fibers?

Answer 20

collagen fibers with a coating of glycoproteins for strength and support, made by fibroblasts

Question 21

Where are reticular fibers found?

Answer 21

Adipose tissue, Nerve fibres, smooth muscle tissue. These fibres branch and spread out through tissue

Question 22

What are the features of Elastic fibres?

Answer 22

Thinner than collagen fibres, elastin surrounded by fibrillin, can be stretched 150%

Question 23

Where are Elastic fibres found?

Answer 23

Skin, Blood vessels and lungs

Question 24

How does the Marian syndrome arise?

Answer 24

A defect in chromosome 15 which codes for fibrillin, and thus affects elastic fibres

Question 25

What are the features of individuals with Marfan syndrome?

Answer 25

Tall, Long limbed, protruding or collapsed sternum, weakened heart valves and arterial walls

Question 26

What is the occurrence of Marfan syndrome?

Answer 26

1/20000

Question 27

What are the two common tissue cell types?

Answer 27

Fibroblasts and Adipocytes

Question 28

Where are fibroblasts found?

Answer 28

Widely distributed in connective tissue, migratory

Question 29

Where are adipocytes found?

Answer 29

Under skin and around organs

Question 30

What is the function of fibroblast cells?

Answer 30

Secrete components of the matrix (fibers and ground substance)

Question 31

What is the function of Adipocytes?

Answer 31

Store fats

Question 32

What are the other cell types?

Answer 32

Macrophages, Plasma cells, Mast cells, Leucocytes

Question 33

What are the classifications of connective tissue?

Answer 33

Embryonic or mature

Question 34

What are the two types of embryonic tissue?

Answer 34

Mesenchyme or Mucous

Question 35

What is the structure, location and function of mesenchyme cells?

Answer 35

They give rise to all other connective tissues, consists of mesenchymal cells in a semi-fluid ground substance containing reticular fibre

Question 36

What is the structure/location/function of Mucous cells?

Answer 36

Mucous CT has widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in jelly like ground substance. Supports umbilical cord of foetus

Question 37

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

Answer 37

Aoelar, Adipose and reticular

Question 38

What is the structure/function/location of Aoelar connective tissue?

Answer 38

Three types of fibers, widely distributed around almost every structure. Strength, Elasticity, Support

Question 39

What is the structure/function/location of Adipose connective tissue

Answer 39

Mostly Adipocytes, Central triglyceride droplet, found with areolar, white is for energy storage brown is for heat production. Insulation, Energy source, Temperature control

Question 40

What is the structure/function/location of Dense regular connective tissue

Answer 40

found in ligaments, tendons and aponeuroses. Regularly arranged collagen, shiny white colour,

Question 41

What is the structure/function/location of Hyaline cartilage?

Answer 41

Weak, composed of a resilient gel with fibers are present but not obvious, found in anterior ends of ribs, respiratory cartilage. Flexibility and movement

Question 42

What is the structure/function/location of Compact bone

Answer 42

contains osteons, stores calcium and phosphorus, protection and support

Question 43

What is the structure/function/location of Spongy bone

Answer 43

stores triglycerides, produces blood cells

Question 44

What are the four cell types found in bone?

Answer 44

Osteogenic, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

Question 45

What are osteogenic cells?

Answer 45

mesenchymal cells that develop, start to lay down collagen, become trapped and become osteoblasts

Question 46

what are osteoblasts?

Answer 46

bone forming cells. Lay down more collagen, mineralization process starts

Question 47

What are osteocytes?

Answer 47

mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts trapped within extracellular matrix. maintains bone tissue. involved in exchange of nutrients and waste. have gap junctions

Question 48

What are osteoclasts

Answer 48

large, multinucleated cells formed from the fusion of blood monocytes. Breaks down bone