Misc Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Which vascular beds are heavily/densely innervated? (4)

A

cutaneous, renal, splanchnic, skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Which vascular beds are sparsely innervated? (2)

A

cerebral, coronary

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3
Q

What nerve sends parasympathetic impulses to the heart? How are the right and left nerves different?

A

Vagus

R: AV node
L: SA node

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4
Q

Why does conduction slow through the AV node?

A

to allow the ventricles to fill following atrial contraction

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5
Q

What are 2 factors contributing to the strength of (cardiac) muscle contraction?

A
  1. intracellular Ca levels

2. fiber length

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6
Q

Myofilament activation is caused by Ca from what sources?

A

Extracellular, brought intracellular by voltage-gated Ca channel

Intracellular from sarcoplasmic reticulum, released by Ca binding to RyR

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7
Q

After myocardium contraction, where does the Ca go?

A

Once troponin is phosphorylated and Ca is released:

  1. efflux via Na/Ca antiporter
  2. Efflux via ATP-driven Ca pump
  3. Reuptake into SR via ATP-driven pump

*note: ATP-driven = pumped against gradient

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8
Q

EDV - ESV = ?

A

SV

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9
Q

EDV is also called–

A

preload

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10
Q

Why does increased length result in increased force generation?

A

Fast response to stretch = increased Ca sensitivity (so less Ca is needed to generate contraction)

Slow response to stretch = Ca channels activated by stretch

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11
Q

When the atrial pressure is greater than the ventricular pressure, the mitral/tricuspid valve is (open/closed)

A

OPEN

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12
Q

When the ventricular pressure is greater than the atrial pressure, the mitral/tricuspid valve is (open/closed)

A

CLOSED

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13
Q

When left ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure, the aortic valve is (open/closed)

A

CLOSED

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14
Q

When left ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure, the aortic valve is (open/closed)

A

OPEN

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15
Q

Where are alpha receptors found, and what do they do?

A

blood vessels

constrict

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16
Q

Where are beta receptors found, and what do they do?

A

skeletal muscle vessels (B2)–relaxes

heart (B1/2)
accelerates SA node + ectopic pacemakers
increases contractility

JGA cells of kidney (B1)
renin release

17
Q

Pre-HTN?
Stage 1 HTN?
Stage 2 HTN?

A

Pre: 120-139 OR 80-89

1: 140-159 OR 90-99
2: HTN ≥160 OR ≥100

18
Q

BP = ____ x _____

19
Q

What type of receptors are alpha and beta?

20
Q

Stimulation of what receptor downregulates presynaptic NE?

21
Q

Stimulation of what receptor upregulates presynaptic NE?

22
Q

What are the effects of postsynaptic activation of receptors by NE in blood vessels?

A

alpha-1/2: vasoconstriction

beta-2: vasodilation

23
Q

What causes the first heart sound? What does it sound like?

A

oscillation of blood and vibration in ventricles after AV valves close

lower pitch, more intense, longer than 2nd heart sound

24
Q

What causes the second heart sound?

A

oscillation of blood in aortic and pulmonary arteries after the aortic and pulmonic valves close

25
What causes the third heart sound? What does is sound like in health?
vibration of blood during ventricular filling in early diastole low in pitch and intensity
26
When does the fourth heart sound occur? What does it sound like?
atrial contraction low intensity and low pitch
27
How will CHF affect heart sounds?
cause S3 to have higher intensity
28
The heart is perfused during...
diastole
29
Afterload =
(Ventr pressure) x (ventr chamber radius) ____________________________________ 2 (ventr wall thickness)
30
Impaired filling is due to (systolic/diastolic) dysfunction
diastolic
31
Impaired pumping is due to (systolic/diastolic) dysfunction
systolic **will decrease EF
32
BNP causes...
vasodilation inhibition of renin secretion antagonism of ATII and ADH