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Cardio > Misc Facts > Flashcards

Misc Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Which vascular beds are heavily/densely innervated? (4)

A

cutaneous, renal, splanchnic, skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Which vascular beds are sparsely innervated? (2)

A

cerebral, coronary

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3
Q

What nerve sends parasympathetic impulses to the heart? How are the right and left nerves different?

A

Vagus

R: AV node
L: SA node

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4
Q

Why does conduction slow through the AV node?

A

to allow the ventricles to fill following atrial contraction

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5
Q

What are 2 factors contributing to the strength of (cardiac) muscle contraction?

A
  1. intracellular Ca levels

2. fiber length

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6
Q

Myofilament activation is caused by Ca from what sources?

A

Extracellular, brought intracellular by voltage-gated Ca channel

Intracellular from sarcoplasmic reticulum, released by Ca binding to RyR

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7
Q

After myocardium contraction, where does the Ca go?

A

Once troponin is phosphorylated and Ca is released:

  1. efflux via Na/Ca antiporter
  2. Efflux via ATP-driven Ca pump
  3. Reuptake into SR via ATP-driven pump

*note: ATP-driven = pumped against gradient

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8
Q

EDV - ESV = ?

A

SV

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9
Q

EDV is also called–

A

preload

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10
Q

Why does increased length result in increased force generation?

A

Fast response to stretch = increased Ca sensitivity (so less Ca is needed to generate contraction)

Slow response to stretch = Ca channels activated by stretch

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11
Q

When the atrial pressure is greater than the ventricular pressure, the mitral/tricuspid valve is (open/closed)

A

OPEN

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12
Q

When the ventricular pressure is greater than the atrial pressure, the mitral/tricuspid valve is (open/closed)

A

CLOSED

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13
Q

When left ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure, the aortic valve is (open/closed)

A

CLOSED

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14
Q

When left ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure, the aortic valve is (open/closed)

A

OPEN

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15
Q

Where are alpha receptors found, and what do they do?

A

blood vessels

constrict

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16
Q

Where are beta receptors found, and what do they do?

A

skeletal muscle vessels (B2)–relaxes

heart (B1/2)
accelerates SA node + ectopic pacemakers
increases contractility

JGA cells of kidney (B1)
renin release

17
Q

Pre-HTN?
Stage 1 HTN?
Stage 2 HTN?

A

Pre: 120-139 OR 80-89

1: 140-159 OR 90-99
2: HTN ≥160 OR ≥100

18
Q

BP = ____ x _____

A

HR x TPR

19
Q

What type of receptors are alpha and beta?

A

GPCR

20
Q

Stimulation of what receptor downregulates presynaptic NE?

A

alpha-2

21
Q

Stimulation of what receptor upregulates presynaptic NE?

A

beta-2

22
Q

What are the effects of postsynaptic activation of receptors by NE in blood vessels?

A

alpha-1/2: vasoconstriction

beta-2: vasodilation

23
Q

What causes the first heart sound? What does it sound like?

A

oscillation of blood and vibration in ventricles after AV valves close

lower pitch, more intense, longer than 2nd heart sound

24
Q

What causes the second heart sound?

A

oscillation of blood in aortic and pulmonary arteries after the aortic and pulmonic valves close

25
Q

What causes the third heart sound? What does is sound like in health?

A

vibration of blood during ventricular filling in early diastole

low in pitch and intensity

26
Q

When does the fourth heart sound occur? What does it sound like?

A

atrial contraction

low intensity and low pitch

27
Q

How will CHF affect heart sounds?

A

cause S3 to have higher intensity

28
Q

The heart is perfused during…

A

diastole

29
Q

Afterload =

A

(Ventr pressure) x (ventr chamber radius)
____________________________________
2 (ventr wall thickness)

30
Q

Impaired filling is due to (systolic/diastolic) dysfunction

A

diastolic

31
Q

Impaired pumping is due to (systolic/diastolic) dysfunction

A

systolic

**will decrease EF

32
Q

BNP causes…

A

vasodilation
inhibition of renin secretion
antagonism of ATII and ADH

Cardio (26 decks)

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