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Cardio > CV Histology > Flashcards

CV Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the wall of the heart? (name outside to inside)

A

epicardium (aka serous pericardium)
myocardium
endocardium

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2
Q

What is the principal/largest cardiac muscle layer?

A

myocardium

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3
Q

Describe the composition of the epicardium

A

single layer of mesothelial cells, CT, and adipose tissues

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4
Q

Describe the composition of endocardium

A

inner layer of endothelium and subendo CT
middle layer of CT and smooth muscle
deeper CT layer (subendocardial) that contains Purkinje fibers and nuclei

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5
Q

Describe the tissue composition of the heart valves.

A

connective tissue with overlying endocardium

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6
Q

What layer of the heart wall contains the Purkinje fibers?

A

endocardium

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7
Q

What structural feature do the purkinje fibers contain?

A

intercalated disks

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8
Q

In what layer of the heart wall are the cardiac muscle fibers found

A

myocardium

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9
Q

Which is larger, purkinje fibers or cardiac muscle fibers?

A

purkinje fibers

**nuclei are larger too

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10
Q

What color do the purkinje fiber nuclei stain in H&E? Why?

A

pale pink bc they are glycogen rich

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11
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm of muscle cells

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12
Q

What are the structural features found in slides of cardiac muscle

A

intercalated disks

sarcoplasm (where nuclei are found)

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13
Q

What pigment will cardiac muscle frequently contain?

A

lipofuscin

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14
Q

What is a portal system? What are the 2 portal systems called

A

a vein or arteriole is interposed between 2 capillary networks

  • hepatic portal system
  • hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
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15
Q

What is a portal vein?

A

a vessel that connects 2 capillary beds

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16
Q

What is are tunics?

A

layers of the walls of arteries and veins

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17
Q

What is the innermost layer of vessel wall called?
middle?
outermost?

A

tunica intima
tunical media
tunica adventitia

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18
Q

Describe the composition of the tunica intima

A
  • endothelium with BM
  • subendothelial layer of CT and internal elastic lamina
  • *FENESTRATED
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19
Q

Describe the composition of the tunica media

A

circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells, elastic and collagen fibers, and sometimes an external elastic membrane
*thickest

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20
Q

Describe the composition of the tunica adventitia

A

CT layer (mostly collagen) that contains vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum

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21
Q

What supplies blood to the tunica adventitia and media?

A

vasa vasorum

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22
Q

What supplies blood to the tunica intima?

A

the blood vessel itself

*also supplies part of media

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23
Q

Where is the vasa vasorum found? What is it/does it do?

A

adventitia of large arteria and veins

it is in tunica adventitia and supplies blood to tunica adventitia and media

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24
Q

What is the nervi vascularis?
What does it do?
Where is it found?
What is another name for it

A

network of automatic nerves
controls contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
in T. adventitia
aka nervi vasorum

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25
Q

What causes vasodialtion?

A

NO

EDRF (endothelial derived relaxing factor)

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26
Q

What are 5 roles/functions of vascular endothelial cells?

A
  1. maintain blood homeostasis
  2. maintain selective permiabilty barrier
  3. modulate Q and R
  4. hormone synthesis
  5. oxidation of lipoproteins
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27
Q

What are the extracellular components of the T media? What makes these?

A

elastin
reticular fibers
proteoglycans

*made by smooth muscle cells are are found in between layers of sm muscle

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28
Q

Large arteries are also known as

A

elastic arteries

i.e aorta

29
Q

Describe the variations on the 3 layers in large arteries.

A
  • T intima is thick and contains collagen and elastic fibers
  • internal elastic lamina is hard to find
  • T media is thicker than adventitia
  • T media contains multiple fenestrated sheets of elastic lamellae
30
Q

What does collagen in T media and adventita do? (in large arteries)

A

prevents excessive distention during systole

31
Q

What maintains BP during diastole? (in large arteries)

A

recoil of the elastic, distended fibers

32
Q

Medium arteries are also known as

A

muscular arteries

33
Q

How are medium arteries different than large arteries?

A
  • T media has more smooth muscle
  • prominent internal elastic lamina
  • thinner subendothelial layer
  • less elastic material in T media
  • T adventia is the same size as T media (in large arteries media is thicker adventitia)
34
Q

What kind of artery has prominent internal AND external elastic membranes

A

medium (large only have prominent external)

35
Q

Describe the walls of arterioles (small arteries)

A
  • 1-5 layers of smooth muscle in T media
  • may or may not have internal elastic lamina
  • tunica adventitia is thin and ill defined
36
Q

How can you distinguish between small and medium arteries?

A

count the layers of smooth muscle
1-5 = small
> 5 = medium

37
Q

Describe the vascular wall of capillaries

A

they have a single layer of endothelium and basal lamina

*note: pericyte covering the basal lamina does not count as a layer

38
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous

39
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

muscle, CNS, lung

40
Q

In continuous capillaries, what is found between endothelial cells?

A

occluding junctions

41
Q

What are unspecialized cells that give rise to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells?

A

pericytes (Rouget cells)

**assc with some continuous capillaries

42
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

endocrine glands

43
Q

What types of capillaries have a continuous basal lamina?

A

continuous and fenestrated

44
Q

What separates the fenestrations in fenestrated capillaries?

A

thin diaphragms

45
Q

Where are sinusoid capillaries found?

A

liver, spleen, bone

46
Q

T or F: the diameter of sinusoid capillaries are smaller then continuous and fenestrated

A

F: they are larger

47
Q

What are between the endothelial cells in sinusoid capillaries?

A

gaps

48
Q

In liver, what can be found in sinusoidal spaces?

A

macrophages (kupffer cells)

49
Q

Richness of capillary network is related to ____

A

metabolic activity of the tissue

50
Q

What is a slight thickening of the smooth muscle at the origin of the capillaries from an arteriole called?

A

pre-capillary sphincter

51
Q

What are the 3 categories of veins?

A

venules, small-medium veins, and large veins

52
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of venules?

A

post capillary and muscular

53
Q

What is the difference between postcapillary venules and muscular venules?

A

postcapillary receive blood from capillaries while muscular venules lie distal to postcapillary venules

postcapillary venules has endothelium resting on basal lamina and pericytes there is no T media or T adventitia

muscular venules have 1-3 layers of smooth muscle in T media and a thin adventitia

54
Q

What kind of vessel is the principal site of action for histamine and serotonin?

A

postcapillary venules

55
Q

Do veins or arteries have a larger lumen?

A

veins

56
Q

Where in the body do our veins have valves? What is the function of these valves?

A

in the extremities to make sure the blood flows in one direction

57
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the walls of medium sized veins.

A

T intima: endothelium, BM, subendothelial layer, and sometimes an internal elastic membrane

T media: circularly arranged smooth muscle

T adventitia: thicker than the T media and consists of collagen and elastic fibers

58
Q

How are medium sized arteries different than medium sized veins?

A

T media is much larger in a medium sized artery and the T adventitia is much larger in a medium sized vein

59
Q

Describe the layers large veins

A

T initma: sub endothelium, BM, and thin sub endothelial layer (NO internal elastic lamina)

T media:is thin and has circularly arranged muscle fibers

T adventitia: thickest layer and has bundles of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle

60
Q

How are large arteries and veins different?

A

wall of veins are much thinner

veins may have a much larger lumen

61
Q

How can you compare and contrast arteries and veins of the same size?

A
  • both a and v have 3 layers
  • arteries have thicker walls due to inc thicknessof T media
  • in histological sections, veins are more collapsed than arteries after fixation
62
Q

What sized veins have valves

A

medium and large

63
Q

What is the function of arteriovenous shunts?

A

regulate blood flow

64
Q

How do AV shunts regulate blood flow?

A

contraction of arteriole smooth muscle sends blood to capillaries (inc P)

relaxation of arterioles sends blood directly to venules (bypassing capillaries0

65
Q

How do the walls of lymphatic vessels compare to venules?

A

much thinner

66
Q

Is the flow in lymphatic vessels uni or bi directional? How?

A

uni

**valves

67
Q

where are lymphatic vessels most numerous?

A

in loose CT under the epithelium of

  • skin
  • mucous membranes
68
Q

lymphatic vessels ultimatly end up as 2 large trunks…

A
  1. thoracic duct

2. right lymphatic duct

Cardio (26 decks)

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