Mini block 2 Flashcards
What is arteriosclerosis?(Look at slide 43/1)
It is a generic term applied to the thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls.
What is the most important pattern of arteriosclerosis and what is it characterized by?
Atherosclerosis is the most important pattern of arteriosclerosis and is characterized by the presence of atheromas (or atheromatous (fibrofatty) plaques) within the intima and media. These plaques contain cholesterol and other lipids.
What is a possible cause of arteriosclerosis in a dog?
Hypothyroidism
Look at slide 44/1
.
What is an atrial rupture commonly the result of?(Slide 45/1)
Physical trauma
Fatal rupture of the uterine artery during parturition occurs occasionally in aged mares with low serum___levels.
Copper
What can lead to rupture of the internal carotid artery in horses with guttural mycosis?(Look at slide 45/1 for more information)
Mitotic vasculitis
Where can dissecting aneurysms be found in young male racing greyhounds? What can this lead to?
Found in the coronary and renal arteries and can lead to arterial rupture.
What are the three things involved in the Virchow triad?
Abnormal blood flow, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury
Look at slide 53/1
.
List the five pathological processes in order from most common to least common. (Endocrine system set 2)
– disorders of growth – degeneration/necrosis – inflammation and repair – deposits and pigmentation's – circulatory disorders
What are some signs that can lead to possible diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma? (5)
– Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia – Polyphagia – PU/PD – Potbelly – Stinks
What are two conditions with hyperadrenocorticism that can contribute to a dog stinking?
Urinary tract infection
What is the cause of Conns syndrome in a cat?
Hyperaldosteronism
What animal is more common to see Cushing’s disease in?
Adult or aged dogs
*rare in And other animals
What is Cushing’s disease most commonly associated with?
Functional corticotroph (ACTH secretion) pituitary adenoma *only responsible to 10 to 15% of Cushing's syndrome cases and dogs.
What are the causes of a pendulous abdomen (potbelly appearance)? (3) (referring to Cushing’s disease)
– Hepatomegaly
– muscle atrophy
– redistribution of fat (obesity)
What might be associated with hepatomegaly? (Visual appearance of liver is pale and can float)
Hepatic lipidosis or glycogen deposition
What are the effects of excess cortisol caused by Cushing’s disease?(7)
Hepatomegaly, hypertension, immunosuppression, poor wound healing, muscle atrophy, PU/PDA, epidermal and follicular atrophy. (Look at slide 20)
What is calcitonis cutis associated with?
Cushing’s disease
What type of change is nodular adrenocortical hyperplasia? A. Adenoma B. Adenocarcinoma C. Senile change D. Change of scenery E. Cushing's disease
C. Senile change
What are the 3 important things to know about corticotroph adenomas?
They are active, benign tumors that secrete ACTH.
Where are most pituitary adenomas found in the horse?
Pars intermedia
What are the signs of PPID and the horse? (6)
– failure to shed – PU/PD – polyphagia – hyperhidrosis – insulin resistance – abnormal fat deposition
In a horse do you expect to see adrenocortical hyperplasia?
Not really, but it depends if the gland is secreting ACTH.
Why is PPID a horse different from Cushing’s disease in a dog?
Because the cause of PPID and a horse is due to the hypothalamus squash. As where a dog is due to an adenoma.
What are some causes of bilateral adrenocortical atrophy? (2)
– Primary/idiopathic atrophy following limphocytic adrenalitis (immune mediated).
– Secondary (iatrogenic, loss of anterior pituitary)
How do you differentiate pheochromocytoma from an adrenocortical neoplasm?
Pheochromocytomas don’t produce steroids and won’t have a yellow color to them. But the best way to differentiate the two is histologically through a microscope.
look at slides 55 and 56/2 for summary/review of information.
.
What are your clinical signs for hypothyroidism?
Lethargy, weight gain, heatseeking, low libido, infertility, abortion, anestrus. Skin (nonpruritic bilaterally symmetrical alopecia)
What is a possible cause of goiter?
Iodine deficient diet
What are the things that can decrease your T4 (or increase TSH)? (4)
• Iodine deficient diet
• Goiterogenic substances ‐ interfere with production of T4/Tg
• Congenital dyshormonogenic goiter – autosomal recessive defects in enzymes required to make Tg
• Excess dietary iodide

What is needed for hyperplasia of the thyroid gland? When does this occur?
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Increased TSH occurs when T4 is low, due to loss of the back inhibition.
True or false: Fish can get goiters.
True
Look at slide for Dr. dennis material. I’m not making anymore questions for her stuff.
.
Where is the upper respiratory tract generally located?
Located outside thoracic cavity.
What is in the conducting system?
What cells primarily line this system?(5/4)
Includes the
nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea and bronchi.
The mucosa of this system
is primarily lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and goblet cells.
What makes up the transitional system and what cells line it?(6/4)
consists exclusively of bronchioles which are lined by Clara cells (detoxification of
xenobiotics), non-ciliated secretory cells and only a few ciliated cells. Healthy bronchioles do not have goblet cells.
What makes up the Exchange system and what cells line it?(7/4)
Composed of alveolar ducts and millions of alveoli; thin-walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries, the pulmonary capillaries.
Alveoli are lined by epithelial type I (membranous) and type II (granular) pneumocytes (also called pneumonocytes).
T or F: The lungs have dual blood supply. (8/4)
True
What is the respiratory system involved in? (6)
Gas exchange, phonation, olfaction, temperature regulation, acid–base balance, blood pressure regulation.
What portion of the respiratory system is considered to be sterile? (12/4)
The distal portion of the respiratory tract is considered to be sterile.
What are two examples of normal flora in the respiratory tract that are considered to be potentially pathogenic?
Mannheimia haemolytica, Bordetella bronchiseptica.
Look at slide 15/4
.
What are the two categories of defense mechanisms of the respiratory system?
Nonspecific (non-immune mediated) and specific (immune mediated)
Which of the following is not considered to be a nonspecific (non-immune mediated) defense mechanism? (Slide 16/4)
A. Mucous trapping
B. Antibiotic production
C. Mucociliary clearance (Mucociliary escalator)
D. Phagocytosis
E. Air turbulence (generated by coughing and sneezing)
B. Antibiotic production
List the three specific (immune mediated) defense mechanisms.
– Antibiotic production
– Antibody mediated phagocytosis
– Cell mediated immunity
What are PIMs and PAMs?
PAMs:Pulmonary alveolar macrophages
PIMs:pulmonary intravascular macrophages
What are the factors known to predispose an animal/human to bacterial pneumonia? (7) (19/4)
– Viruses – stress – dehydration – pulmonary edema – uremia – ammonia – immunosuppression/immunodeficiency
Look at slides 20 – 22/4
.
What is the cause of epistaxis in horses?
23/4
Ethmoidal Hematoma
In what animal will you see Ethmoidal Hematoma? (age not exact)
It is seen in older horses
What is the cause of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis? (24/4)
Bovine herpes virus 1
Slide 25 – 27/4 pictures
.
What causes atrophic rhinitiss in pigs?
It is a multi-factorial disease in growing pigs. Thought to be a combination of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida types D and A.
What do the cytotoxins produced by the toxigenic strain of P. multocida do to the nasal turbinates?
What area is most commonly affected by this? (30/4 picture)
The cytotoxin’s inhibit osteoblast activity and promote osteoclast thick reabsorption of the nasal turbinates.
The ventral scroll of the ventral nasal turbinates is the area most commonly and consistently affected.
What is responsible for inclusion body rhinitiss in pigs? How old are the pigs that are affected by this disease?
Suid herpesvirus 2 (SHV – 2)
Pigs 3 to 5 weeks of age are usually affected.
What are two clinical signs you would see associated with feline herpesvirus 1?
What is the name of this disease? (32/4)
Rhinitis and conjunctivitis.
It is known as feline viral rhinotracheitis.
What is responsible for vesicular glossitis? (33-36/4)
Feline calicivirus.(FCV)
What might you see with FCV? (35/4)
Mild oculonasal discharge in addition to vesicular and ulcerative stomatitis - diffuse interstitial pneumonia may also occur.
What is the cause of granulomatous rhinitis in a dog? (37/4)
Rhinosporidium seeberi (aquatic protistan parasite)
What are the three conditions that can affected the guttural pouch in horses?
Look at slides 38 – 44/4
– Guttural pouch tympany
– strangles (Streptococcus equi)
– guttural pouch mycosis
What causes guttural pouch mycosis?
Caused by infection with Aspergillus fumigatus or other Aspergillus species.
What causes strangles in horses?
Streptococcus equi
What does guttural pouch mycosis effect? (Nerves, other) (45/4)
– Involvement of cranial nerves (VII, IX, X, XI, XII) is common and result in a variety of clinical signs.
–
Look at slides 46 – 50 pictures
.
Which stains are used in identifying a guttural pouch mycosis histologically?
GMS (Gomori’s methenamine silver) stain and PAS (Periodic Acid Shiff) stain.
*PAS is the one he preached.
Look at slide 56-58/4
.
In which of the following can you see tracheal collapse? (Select all that apply) A. Toy/miniature dog breeds B. Cats C. Horses D. Cattle E. Goats
A. Toy/miniature dog breeds
C. Horses
D. Cattle
E. Goats
In a horse/pony what might a Dorso-ventral flattening of the trachea and concomitant widening of the dorsal tracheal membrane result in?
Coughing and exercise intolerance.