MB. Alimentary Tract

Question 1

Name the 4 Portals of Entry of pathogenic agents.

Answer 1

 Ingestion (most common)
 Coughed up by the lungs and swallowed
 Systemic hematogenous route
 Migration through the body (parasites)

Question 2

Name the defense mechanisms (9)

Answer 2

 Saliva
 Resident flora and fauna
 Gastric pH
 Secreted immunoglobulins
 Vomiting
 Intestinal proteolytic enzymes
 Phagocytes and other effector cells within the mucosa/ submucosa 
 High rate of epithelial turnover
 Increased peristalsis resulting in diarrhea

Question 3

Name 2 Congenital anomalies found in commonly in calves.

Answer 3

Cleft palate (palatoschisis) and cleft lip (“harelip”- cheiloschisis). Both can be present at the same time.

Question 4

What causes Cleft palate (palatoschisis) and cleft lip (“harelip”- cheiloschisis)?

Answer 4

Often a genetic disorder but toxins (e.g. ingestion of Veratrum californicum and other teratogenic plants like lupines, poison hemlock in cattle & sheep) or maternal exposure to drugs during pregnancy (griseofulvin in queens and mares; steroids in primates).

Question 5

What is dental attrition?

Answer 5

Loss of tooth structure caused by mastication

Question 6

What is Periodontal disease?

Answer 6

Resident bacterial films and the acid and enzymes they produce lead to enamel, gingival and periodontal ligament damage.
 Dental plaque
 Dental calculus (tartar -> mineralized dental plaque)

Question 7

What is the main disease of the tongue?

Answer 7

Actinobacillosis (Actinobacillus lignieresii) -> chronic stomatitis – the tongue is often involved

Question 8

What is Thrush (Candidiasis)?

What causes it?

Answer 8

It is caused by Candidaspp.(eg.C.albicans), and often is observed in young animals treated with antibiotics for long periods of time, or animals with underlying debilitating diseases.

Question 9

What is a vesicle?

Answer 9

a raised lesion (up to 1 cm in the largest dimension) filled with clear (serous) fluid located within the epithelium or between the epithelium and lamina propria.

Question 10

What can you rule out if you see a vesicle in the oral cavity of dogs & cats?

Answer 10

immune-mediated diseases

Question 11

What is the pathogenesis of viral vesicular stomatitides?

Answer 11

slide 28

Question 12

What is the pathogenesis of foot and mouth disease (FMD)?

Answer 12

Virus ingestion/ inhalation

-> pharynx -> viremia -> Oral mucosa & epidermal sites -> lesions develop in areas subjected to mechanical injury

Question 13

Gingival hyperplasia is found in __________ dogs, and is a type of ___-_______ proliferation lesions of the Oral cavity.

Answer 13

Brachycephalic

Non-neopastic

Question 14

Primary diseases of the tongue are rare, but there is one exception name it.

Answer 14

Actinobacillosis

Question 15

In what type (age,health…) can you find to thrush (Candidiasis)?

Answer 15

Is often observed in young animals treated with antibiotics for long periods of time, or animals with underlying debilitating diseases

Question 16

What the clinical signs of a cat with chronic gingivo-stomatitis?

Answer 16

Oral pain, dysphagia, weight loss

Question 17

Chronic ulcerative (lympho-plasmacytic) paradental stomatitis common in?

Answer 17

Older dogs

Question 18

If you see a vesicle on the world cavity of a dog or cat what are the two things you should think of? (One is cats specific)

Answer 18

– rule out immune mediated diseases

– In cats they’re often result of the click virus infection

Question 19

If a vesicle is found in food/large animals what should be ruled out?

Answer 19

Rule out major viral diseases which are usually nonfatal but resulting huge economic losses.

Question 20

What animals will you see foot and mouth disease? what virus causes this disease?

Answer 20

Ruminants and pigs. You will not see it in horses.

Picornavirus

Question 21

What animals will you see this secular stomatitis? Give the virus.

Answer 21

Ruminants, pig, and horses.Rhabdovirus

Question 22

What animals will you see this secular Exanthema of swine? Give the virus responsible.

Answer 22

Only pigs. Calicivirus

Question 23

What animals will you see swine the secular disease in? Give the virus responsible.

Answer 23

Only pigs. Enterovirus

Question 24

What is congenital megaesophagus?

Answer 24

Is dilation of the esophagus it can be either congenital or secondary

Question 25

What can megaesophagus lead to?

Answer 25

Aspiration pneumonia which is the main cause death.

Question 26

What animal is megaesophagus most common in?

Answer 26

Dogs (German Shepherd)

Question 27

Define ruminal tympany/bloat.

Answer 27

Is over distention of the rumen and reticulum by gas produced during fermentation.

Question 28

What is primary bloat in cattle associated with?

Answer 28

It’s often associated with new diets that promote fermentation of stable foam.

Question 29

What is secondary bloat in cattle associated with?

Answer 29

It’s caused by physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus resulting in failure to eructate.

Question 30

Gastric dilation – volvulus is a life-threatening condition most commonly found in ___ ___ ___.

Answer 30

Large deep chested breeds of dogs. It is also observed in sows.

Question 31

In what animal do you see a abomasal displacement most commonly? What side is more common?

Answer 31

It’s more common in post-parturient dairy cows and calves. It is more common to find it on the left side versus the right side.
Right-sided abomasal displacement is 15%, of that 20% results in an abomasal volvulus.

Question 32

Would you expect to see in an animal with abomasal displacement?

Answer 32

Abdominal pain, elevated heart rate, anorexia, dehydration, depressed personal system with the lack feces and abomasal tympany (high pitch pain elicited by percussion).

Question 33

Where would you see a gastric ulceration?

Answer 33

It’s seen in pigs fed finally ground rations.

Question 34

What can cause gastric ulcers?

Answer 34

Stressful conditions. It can also be seen in young animals. Lesions are usually subclinical. It can also be associated with NSAIDs.

Question 35

What can cause a gastric ulcer in a horse?

Answer 35

Colic can lead to ulceration because of dehydration and NSAIDs.

Question 36

What is atresia coli?

Answer 36

most common segmental anomaly of the intestine of domestic animals. Marked abdominal distention.

Question 37

What is responsible for causing local symmetrical encephalomalacia(FSE)?

Answer 37

C. perfringens type D

Question 38

With bacteria is responsible for tyzzer’s disease?

Answer 38

Clostridium piliforme

Question 39

What bacteria is responsible for colitis x?

Answer 39

Clostridium difficile.

Question 40

What causes swine dysentery?

Answer 40

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae