E1. Of the urinary system Flashcards
Look at slides 6 – 12. It is the structure and function of the kidneys
Didn’t want to make questions for something that simple.
What is renal aplasia? (definition)
Absence of development of a kidney, can be unilateral (incidental finding), or bilateral (fatal)
slide 14 and 15 have pictures
True or false: renal aplasia is a very common developmental abnormality.
False. It is a rare developmental abnormality
What animals can you see renal aplasia?
Swine, dogs (Doberman pinscher’s and beagles), and cattle.
What is renal hypoplasia?
It is a quantitative defect caused by reduced mass of metanephric blastema. Hypoplastic kidneys look normal just smaller.
In what animals has renal hypoplasia been described?
Pigs, foals, dogs (cocker spaniels), and chickens
What is the differential diagnosis to renal hypoplasia?
Renal dysplasia, and differentiation requires histological examination.
What is renal dysplasia?
It’s a rare condition very difficult to diagnose grossly. by definition, it’s an abnormal and asynchronous differentiation (disorganized development) of renal tissue.D
What may severe bilateral renal dysplasia lead to?
Renal failure
What are the causes of renal dysplasia?
- Congenitalinfections: Feline Panleukopenia, Canine herpesvirus, Bovine virus diarrhea
- Autosomaldominantin Suffolk sheep
- HypovitaminosisAinpigs
- Intrauterineureteral obstruction in pigs and calves
Where can you find the renal cysts? (Animals)
what do they look like?
- Renalcystsarea common congenital renal malformation found in pigs, calves and to a lesser extent, in other species.
- Cysts of variable size are typically filled with fluid and lined by flat or cuboidal epithelium.
Look at slide 23. And some pictures minimal insignificant info
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What is the gross appearance of a polycystic kidney?
Contain numerous variable size cysts, in the cortex and Medulla.
If severe may have “honeycomb” appearance. Cysts are filled with colorless fluid.
Slide 24 has a picture
What are the causes of polycystic kidneys?
Congenital, may be inherited as an autosomal dominant condition pigs and lambs. It can also be inherited by: – Cairn terrier dogs (in conjunction with cystic biliary disease) – Bull terriers – Collie dogs – Nubian goats – Persian cats
What are the two consequences of renal cysts?
Cysts may grow slowly or remain static.
Cysts may increase in size and/or number, causing compressive atrophy.
Slide 26 has a picture.
Look at slide 27 it has a picture, and some information.
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What is the definition of ectopic kidneys?
Normal kidneys in an abnormal location. Often unilateral.
In what animals is ectopic kidneys described?
Dogs and pigs
What are ectopic kidneys predisposing factor?
Urter obstruction and development of hydronephrosis.
Look at slides 29 – 36 pictures and info.
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What are the four types of pigmentary disturbances?D
Hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, lipofucsin, bile
Look at slide 38-43
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LipofucsinosisIs a incidental finding in ___ _______.
Gross appearance look at slide 44.
Old cattle
Look at slide 45
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What causes choluria?
Bile pigment in obstructive jaundice or severe liver disease, kidneys will excrete bilirubin.
Look at slide 46-47 picture and information
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With three types of circulatory disturbances?
Hyperemia and congestion, hemorrhage, and ischemia
What will the kidney look like with hyperemia and congestion
Bright or dark red kidneys.
Hyperemia can be physiologic.
Hypostatic congestion is common as a result of prolonged frustration and circulatory failure.
Look at slide 50. Pics and info
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List some causes of renal hemorrhage.
*Look at slide 51, Will Be on the Exam *
Viral infections, septicemia, and toxins
Quickly look at slides 52 – 56.
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What do renal infarcts look like, and what are they associated with?
Typically triangular/wedge shape with the apex pointing towards the medulla.
Renal infarcts are associated with thrombosis of renal vessels (usually the intralobular artery).
Slide 58-61 are pictures.
61 has minimal info
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What can prolonged ischemia lead to in a kidney?
Infarction/coagulative necrosis.
The affected area will heal by fibrosis
Slide 63-64 are pictures
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What are renal infarcts most commonly seen?
- Cattle and pigs with vegetative valvular endocarditis of the left heart.
- Cats with left atrial thrombos is associated with cardiomyopathy.
- Dogs with renal amyloidosis due to loss (through the urine) of plasma anticoagulants such as antithrombin III.
- Endotoxin‐mediated thrombosis due to Gram‐ negative sepsis or endotoxic shock (example: dogs with suppurative prostatitis).
What is amyloidosis?(Definition)
Which organ is one of the most important targets of this condition?
Heterogenous group of diseases due to deposition of amyloid in tissues.
The kidney
*Glomerular amyloidosis is a protein losing nephropathy.
Look at slide 67
Which is more common in domestic animals primary amyloidosis or secondary (reactive) amyloidosis?
Secondary. Primary is very rare in domestic animals.
What is the cause of primary amyloidosis?
Is due to deposition of amyloid AL, derived from Ig light chains produced by abnormal plasma cells.
What is the cause of secondary (reactive) amyloidosis?
Is due to the deposition of amyloid AA that originates from serum alpha globulin.
What is secondary amyloidosis associated with?
Is associated with chronic antigenic stimulation (chronic inflammation, infection, neoplasia (these are just examples)).
Look at slide 69 good information and pictures. I feel like it’s important.
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Look at slide 70-72, they are pictures with minimal information. Know the stain that is used.T
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What are the stains used to confirm amyloidosis microscopically? (2)
Congo red (polarized light) and Thyoflavin-T (fluorescence).
Look at slides 74-76. Pictures
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Look at slide 77. Information hard to make a question for. Good chance might be asked.
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What is bilateral renal cortical necrosis?
It is an acute and severe ischemia of the renal cortex due to vasospasm of cortical vessels.
Start it is an intriguing (meaning we have no clue how it happened) lesion that has traditionally been associated with endotoxemia.
Slide 79 has a picture h
How much of the kidneys cortex is involved in renal cortical necrosis? What does it look like?
– all or part of the cortex may be involved.
– The renal cortex has a mosaic (Apache) appearance with intermixed areas of red and yellow discoloration.
What causes Renal Medullary (Papillary)?
• Caused by a localized ischemia of the renal medulla.
What are the causes of medullary necrosis? (5)
- Amyloidosis in cats
- Pyelonephritis
- Diabetes mellitus
- Urinary obstruction
- Use of anti‐ inflammatory and analgesic drugs such as phenylbutazone, phenacetin, aspirin.
Slide 83-84 are pictures.
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What is acute tubular necrosis (nephrosis)?
Acute necrosis of tubular cells is the primary process of nephrosis.
look at slide 85 has extra info.
Give the gross appearance of nephrosis.
The kidneys are swollen, the capsular surface is pale and moist, and bulges on cut surface.
Look @ slide 86
What are the differential diagnoses for diffusely pale kidneys? (4)
Amyloidosis, acute nephrosis,glomerulonephritis, lymphosarcoma.
Slides 88-89 are pictures, know.
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Look at slides 90-93, they are descriptions of the histological appearance of nephrosis and pictures.
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Look at the slides 94-97, couldn’t make questions and picture.
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What are the causes of toxic nephrosis? (4)
Heavy metals, carbon tetrachloride, chlorinated-hydrocarbon, insecticides.
Give some examples of heavy metals that can cause toxic nephrosis.
Mercury (in herbicides), lead (old paint, batteries), cadmium, chromium, copper, phosphorus.
What are the nephrotoxic plants? P
– Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
– Oaks (Quercus sp.).
In what animal studies of poisoning occur?
Cattle and horses
- look at slide 100
What are the four types of nephritis (classification according to location)?
Glomerulitis
Glomerulonephritis
interstitial nephritis
pyelonephritis
What are other names for Glomerulitis? What causes it? What is its pattern?
Embolic nephritis (supported Glomerulitis)
Caused by bacteremia
it is multifocal suppurative Glomerulitis.
In Glomerulitis where are bacterial colonies seem?
In glomerular interstitial capillaries
What is the main cause of embolic nephritis in foals?
Actinobacillus equuli
Skip slide 105
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Where do Glomerulonephritis and glomerulopathies take place? (Part of kidney)
glomeruli
What is Glomerulonephritis largely but not extensively associated with?
Immune mediated injury