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Nutrition > Minerals & Water > Flashcards

Minerals & Water Flashcards

1
Q

Adequate intake of water for men

A

13 cups / day

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2
Q

Adequate intake of water for women

A

9 cups / day

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3
Q

Minimum daily intake of water

A

4 cups

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4
Q

Where is the most amount of water absorbed?

A

The small intestine

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5
Q

What is excretion of water controlled by?

A

Kidneys, brain, pituitary and adrenals

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6
Q

Hormones involved in water excretion

A

Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone

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7
Q

What is the thirst mechanism controlled by?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Fluid volume deficit

A

Vascular, cellular or intracellular dehydration

Elderly and infants most at risk

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9
Q

Fluid volume excess

A

Edema, associated with compromised regulatory mechanism

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10
Q

Causes of fluid volume excess

A

Sodium retention, kwashiorkor, water intoxication

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11
Q

Major minerals

A

100 mg or higher required daily

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12
Q

Trace minerals

A

Less than or equal to 20 mg required daily

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13
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic substances incorporated into body structures, bones, organs and fluids

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14
Q

Major minerals (list)

A 
Calcium 
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
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15
Q

Trace minerals (list)

A 
Chromium
Copper
Flouride
Iodine
Iron 
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Zinc
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16
Q

Are minerals metabolized by the human body?

A

NO but some are so factors of metabolic processes

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17
Q

Do minerals provide energy?

A

No

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18
Q

Calcium Function

A 
Structure and storage (99% in bones) 
CNS
Muscle contraction
Blood clotting
Blood pressure regulation
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19
Q

Calcium homeostasis

A

Bones, intestines and kidneys

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20
Q

Blood calcium levels too high

A

Calcium rigor (stiff muscles)

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21
Q

Blood calcium levels too low

A

Calcium tetany (muscle tetany)

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22
Q

Calcium sources

A

Dairy products, leafy greens, small fish with small bones

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23
Q

Absorption factors of calcium

A

Vitamin D
Oxalic acid and tannins decrease absorption
Sedentary lifestyle

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24
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

Affects bone health, reduced bone density, stunted growth

OSTEOPOROSIS

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25
Q

Calcium toxicity

A

Supplements usually cause it

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26
Q

Phosphorus function

A

85% in bones and teeth as component of hydroxyapatite

15% for energy transfer, genetic material, acid-base buffer, phospholipids

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27
Q

Phosphorus sources

A

Widely available in foods, especially protein rich

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28
Q

Phosphorus deficiency

A

Unknown

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29
Q

Phosphorus toxicity

A

Excessive phosphorus causes calcium excretion

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30
Q

Magnesium function

A

Structural and storage function in bones
Assists enzymes
Role in blood clotting and immune system

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31
Q

Magnesium sources

A

Whole grains, legumes, leafy green vegetables, broccoli

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32
Q

Magnesium deficiency

A

Secondary causes

Causes muscle twitching and weakness

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33
Q

Magnesium toxicity

A

Rare but serious

34
Q

Sulfur function

A

Component of protein structures

35
Q

Sulfur sources

A

All protein-containing foods

36
Q

Sulfur deficiency

A

Does not occur

37
Q

Sulfur toxicity

A

Not a health issue

38
Q

Electrolytes

A

Minerals circulating in blood and other fluids that carry an electrical charge

39
Q

Major electrolytes

A

Sodium, potassium, chloride

40
Q

Specific functions of electrolytes

A

Acid-base balance

Role in functioning in nerves and muscles

41
Q

Sodium function

A

Maintenance of blood pressure and volume
Transmission of nerve impulses
Fluid balance

42
Q

Sodium deficiency

A

Hyponatremia

43
Q

Sodium toxicity

A

Sodium-sensitivity hypertension and edema

44
Q

Potassium function

A

Remains fluid levels inside cells

Normal function of nerves and muscles

45
Q

Potassium sources

A

Unprocessed foods, potatoes, tomatoes, bananas

46
Q

Potassium deficiency

A

Caused by dehydration from vomiting or diarrhea

Muscle weakness, confusion, cardiac dysrhythmias

47
Q

Potassium toxicity

A

Caused by dehydration or supplement use

48
Q

Chloride function

A

Maintains fluid in and out of cells

Component of Hal in gastric juice

49
Q

Chloride deficiency

A

Very rare

50
Q

Chloride toxicity

A

Imbalance caused by dehydration

51
Q

Iron function

A

Distributes oxygen

Assists enzymes in oxygen use

52
Q

Dietary Iron Sources

A 
Heme iron (easier to absorb)
Nonheme iron
53
Q

Heme iron sources

A

Meat, poultry, fish

54
Q

Nonheme iron sources

A

Vegetables, legumes, dried fruits, whole and enriched grains

55
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Iron deficiency anemia

56
Q

Iron toxicity

A

Hemochromatosis

57
Q

Zinc function

A

More than 200 enzymes depend on it

Growth process, taste and smell, helming process, immune system

58
Q

Zinc dietary sources

A

Meat, fish, shellfish..

59
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Impaired growth and wound healing
Reduced appetite
Reduced smell
Immune disorders

60
Q

Zinc toxicity

A

Excess supplementation produces GI stress, decreases iron and copper, reduces HDL

61
Q

Iodine function

A

Part of hormone thyroxine produced by thyroid gland

62
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Reduces thyroxine production

GOITER

63
Q

Iodine toxicity

A

Thyrotoxicosis: iodine induced goiter

64
Q

Fluoride function

A

Increases resistance to tooth decay

Tooth and bone mineralization

65
Q

Fluoride sources

A

Fluoridated water, tea, seafood, toothpaste

66
Q

Fluoride deficiency

A

Increased risk of dental cavities

67
Q

Fluoride toxicity

A

Fluorosis

68
Q

Selenium function

A

Acts as an antioxidant

69
Q

Selenium sources

A

Meat, fish, eggs and whole grains

70
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

May predispose individuals to some forms of heart disease

Increased cancer risk

71
Q

Selenium toxicity

A

Toxic at low levels

72
Q

Copper function

A

Coenzyme, wound healing, nerve fiber protection, iron utilization

73
Q

Copper sources

A

Organ meats, seafood, leafy green vegetables

74
Q

Copper deficiency

A

Anemia, bone mineralization

Does not occur in the US

75
Q

Copper toxicity

A

From supplementation

Wilson’s disease

76
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

Inherited disorder characterized by accumulation of copper in brain

77
Q

Chromium function

A

Carbohydrate metabolism

78
Q

Chromium sources

A

Animal derived foods whole grains

79
Q

Chromium deficiency

A

Deficiency unusual

80
Q

Chromium toxicity

A

From environmental contaminants

Nutrition (10 decks)

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