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Nutrition > Exam 1: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Exam 1: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Condensation Chemical Reaction

A

Covalent Bond is Formed

One Molecule of water is released

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

Chemical Reaction

A

Disaccaride splits into two monosaccharides

Requires a molecule of water

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3
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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4
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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5
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose+Fructose (white or table sugar)

Refined from juice of sugar beets or sugar cane
Occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables

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6
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose+ Glucose (Malt sugar)

Produced during breakdown of starch

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7
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose+ Galactose

Principle carbohydrate in milk

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8
Q

Glucose

A

Most cells rely on glucose for fuel

Brain& nervous system rely on it almost exclusively

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9
Q

Fructose

A

Sweetest of sugars

Naturally occurring in fruits, honey and saps

Along with glucose, the most common monosaccharide in nature

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10
Q

Galactose

A

Primarily occurs as part of lactose

known as “milk sugar”

Freed from lactose as single sugar during digestion

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11
Q

Monosaccharides- Pentoses

A
  • Furnish little dietary energy

- Ribose/deoxyribose> RNA/DNA

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12
Q

Sugar Alcohols

A

Derived from monosaccharides

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13
Q

High Fructose Corn Syrup

A

Monosaccharide Mixture

Usually 55% Fructose & 45% glucose

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14
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Made of 3-10 sugar molecules

Found in beans, peas, bran, whole grains

Not hydrolyzed in human digestive system

Gut bacteria can digest them

Examples:
Raffinose (tri)
Stachyoses (tetra)
Verbascose (penta)

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15
Q

Polysaccharides

A

composed almost entirely of glucose (in some cases, also other monosaccharides)

Examples of Major ones in nutrition:
Starch
Glycogen
Fiber

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16
Q

Polysaccharides: Starch

A

Storage form of glucose in plants

Giant chains of hundreds of glucose units- can be broken by human digestive system

All starchy foods are plants:
Grains-richest source of starch
Legumes
Root Vegetables

17
Q

Resistant Starch

A

Starch that cannot be digested or absorbed by humans

Often considered a form of FIBER because they move through upper GI tract undigested then metabolized by bacteria in colon

Types:
Naturally occurring
Processed

18
Q

Polysaccharides: Glycogen

A

Storage form of energy for humans and animals

Not found in plant sources

Composed of highly branched chains of glucose units

Stored in liver & Muscles

  • In liver 90g
  • In muscles 150g
19
Q

Polysaccharides: Fibers

A

Provide structure in stems, trunks, roots, leaves & skins of plants

Provide little or no energy for body (cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes)

20
Q

Dietary Fiber

A

Non digestible CHO’s & lignin that are intact and intrinsic in plants

21
Q

Functional Fiber

A

Non digestible CHO’s that are isolated, extracted or manufactured & known to have physiological benefits

22
Q

Total fiber

A

Dietary Fiber + Functional Fiber

23
Q

What are the types of fiber?

A

Soluble

Insoluble

24
Q

Soluble Fibers

A

Dissolve in water

Form gels which are easily digested by bacteria in large intestine

Associated with lower risks of chronic diseases

25
Q

Insoluble Fibers

A

Do not dissolve in water

retain structure and texture

aid digestive system by easing elimination

26
Q

Fibers in Foods

A 
Cellulose 
Hemicelluloses
Pectins 
Gums& Mucilages
Lignins
Beta-Glucans
Chitin&Chitosan
27
Q

What are carbohydrates’ role in wellness?

A

Source of energy, sweetened and dietary fiber

28
Q

Where does the digestion of CHO start?

A

the mouth

29
Q

What do CHO’s break down into in the SMALL INTESTINE

A

Monosaccharides:

Enzymes specific for the CHO (example: lactase for lactose)

30
Q

What are disorders associated with digestion and absorption of CHO’s

A

Lactose Intolerance

Oligosaccarides

31
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Most common disaccharides disorder:
Deficiency of lactase

Symptoms: Abdominal Cramping, flatulence, diarrhea

Low dairy intake increases risk for deficiencies of calcium, riboflavin and vitamin D

32
Q

Lactose Intolerance Nutrition Therapy

A
  • Determine individual tolerance

- Gradually add small amounts of lactose-containing foods to lactose-free diets

33
Q

Oligosaccharide Digestion

A

Humans lack the enzyme

Nutrition Therapy: Food Enzyme Dietary Supplement such as “Beano”

34
Q

Absorption Across Intestinal Mucosa: Monosaccharides

A

Glucose & Galactose: Active transport

Fructose: Facilitated Diffusion

35
Q

Carbs in liver

A

glucose may be used immediately or stored

Liver conversion of fructose and galactose to glucose

36
Q

Metabolism

A

Metabolism primarily maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis at 70 to 100 mg/dL

Nutrition (10 decks)

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