Exam 2 Proteins Flashcards
Difference in protein content
Contain nitrogen (carbs and lipids don’t)
Composition of amino acids
- Backbone (Amino group, acid group, nitrogen)
- Side group
Dipeptides
Bonding of two or more amino acids
Polypeptides
Ten or more amino acids bonded together
What determines protein function in body?
Shapes of proteins
Non-essential amino acids
More than half of body proteins are produced by the liver
Conditionally essential amino acids
Special circumstances may increase need for normally nonessential amino acid
(Arginine)
Essential Amino Acids (list)
Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine (conditional) Leucine Lysine
Roles of protein in body
- Growth, maintenance and repair
- Energy and glucose
- Enzymes
- Fluid and electrolyte balance
- Antibodies
- Hormones
- Transport
What proteins help regulate acid-base balance?
Albumin
Some hormones are ____, while others are _____
Proteins, sterols
Examples of proteins that act as hormones
Glucagon and insulin
Daily protein allowance for adult
0.8 gram per kg of body weight
Daily protein allowance for athlete
1-1.5 g/kg
RDA of protein is slightly higher for
Infants, children and pregnant and lactating women
What foods contain all 9 EAAs?
- Animal foods
- Soybeans
- Quinoa
Limiting AA is…
the EAA that a protein lacks
Protein sparing
Adequate energy must be available from carbohydrate & fat in order for the body to efficiently use dietary protein for growth
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
- Food and energy deprivation
- Results in use body protein for energy
Two forms of PEM
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
PEM is…
Most wide-spread form of malnutrition in the world
Marasmus
Very skinny looking child
Less than 2 years old
Severe deprivation of protein, energy, vitamins
Kwashiorkor
Child with large stomach! Older infants and young children Inadequate protein Rapid onset Inadequate fluid placement
Protein excess can lead to…
- Heart disease
- Kidney disease
- Adult bone loss
Heart disease
Animal protein is high in fat, excess causes rise in heart disease
Kidney disease
High protein intake increases work of kidneys, results in decline of kidney function
Adult bone loss
Increased kidney filtration can lead to increase in removal of calcium from the body
Potential nutritional deficiencies in vegan diets
Vitamins D and B12
Possibly iron, zinc, and calcium
Celiac disease
Autoimmune disease that damages mucosa of small intestine
Cause villi to go away
Intestinal damage in celiac disease is caused by…
Gliadin
-Protein fraction of gluten
Found in wheat, oats rye and barley
Celiac disease can lead to…
- Osteopenia or osteoporosis
- Inadequate blood coagulation and easy bruising (lack of vitamin K)
- Anemia (not absorbing iron)
Carcinogenesis
Cancer development
Tumor
Abnormal mass of cells
Metastasis
Spread to another region of the body
Malignant
Cancerous
Cancer cachexia
Wasting syndrome characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss and fatigue
Primary cancer treatments
- Chemo
- Radiation
- Surgery
How many colorectal cancers can be avoided?
Half
How can colorectal cancers be avoided?
- Stay a healthy weight throughout life
- Move more
- Eat fiber
- Limit red and processed meat
- Do not drink alcohol
