Exam 2: Lipids Flashcards
What is fat’s role in the body? (8)
- Stored energy
- Emergency reserves
- Organ protection
- Temperature regulator
- Muscle Fuel
- Cell membranes
- Raw materials for synthesis of compounds
- Insulation (myelin)
The body’s capacity to store fat for energy is…
Almost unlimited
-Fat storing cells of
adipose tissue readily take
up and store fat
-As extra energy storage is
needed, new fat cells are
createdFat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
What is the largest class of lipids in body and foods?
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are composed of…
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Glycerol
CH2-CH-CH2
More unsaturated fatty acids are what at room temperature?
Liquid, melt more readily
What fats are most likely to become rancid more quickly?
Unsaturated fats
What causes unsaturated fats to go rancid?
Oxidation that causes deterioration
Only major plant sources of saturated fats
Palm and coconut old and cocoa butter
Oleic acid
Monounsaturated fat
-Primary sources include olive oil, peanuts, avocado and canola oil
General sources of polyunsaturated fats
Vegetable oils and fish
Where are omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids counted from?
Omega end of the chain (With only hydrogens attached to carbon)
Essential fatty acids
- Linoleic acid (omega 6)
- Linolenic acid (omega 3)
Two types of Linolenic acid
EPA and SHA
Linoleic acid
Omega 6
Found in plant seeds and oils, vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, whole grain foods
Generally adequate amounts in most diets
Linolenic acid
Omega 3
Found primarily in fish oils
What is linolenic acid important to health in?
Normal growth and development Prevention and treatment of -heart disease -diabetes -hypertension -arthritis -cancer
Functions of essential fatty acids
Help regulate body functions
Structural components of cell membrane
Are phospholipids essential?
No, the body manufactures them
Phospholipids have…
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group
What is the main phospholipid (that is part of lipoproteins) called?
Lecithin
Are sterols essential?
No, synthesized by body
Sterols
Carbon rings intermeshed with side chains of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Functions of sterols
Precursors to bile, cholesterol part of cell membranes
Dietary cholesterol makes up ___% of the body’s cholesterol; rest is provided by ________
25%
Liver synthesis
What kind of foods contain cholesterol?
Only animal foods
Lipoproteins are…
Carriers of cholesterol in the blood
Lipoproteins
VLDLs, LDLs, IDLs, HDLs
Good cholesterol
HDL
Cardiovascular disease
A group of diseases and conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels
What is currently the leading cause of death in the US of men and women in all ethnic and racial groups?
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular diseases
- Coronary heart disease
- Hypertension
- Congestive heart failure
- Stroke
- Peripheral vascular disease
Coronary heart disease
Most common type of cardiovascular disease!
Usually caused by atherosclerosis
Non-modifiable risk factors for CHD
- Increasing age
- Male gender
- Family history
Modifiable risk factors for CHD
- High blood LDL
- Low blood LDL
- High blood pressure
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Cigarette smoking
- High fat diet
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
TLC
Program for lowering CHD risk
Promoted by NCEP
What does TLC recommend?
> Cholesterol-lowering diet
Weight-reduction
Regular physical activity
TLC Lifestyle choices
- Increase physical activity to at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity
- Smoking cessation
TLC Weight Reduction
- May improve other risk factors
- Initial goal is to lose no more than 10% of original body weight
TLC Dietary Strategies
- Reduce saturated fat
- Avoid trans fats
- Consume omega 3
- Increase complex carbohydrates
- Soluble fiber
- Plant protein sources
- Limit sodium
- Alcohol in moderation
- Plant sterols
How soon can substantial progress be seen in TLC if used correctly?:
6 weeks
Individuals with high risk of CHD should try to lower LDL cholesterol with at least ___________ of TLC before starting drug therapy
3 month trial
Hypertension affects
Affects almost 1/3 of adults in U.S.
Estimated ___ of people with hypertension are unaware of problem
37%
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for…
Atherosclerosis and CVDs
Hypertension increases risk for
- Heart arrhythmia
- CHF
- Stroke
- Kidney failure
- Sudden death
Blood pressure determinants
- Cardiac output
- Peripheral resistance
Hypertension
Systolic: >140
Diastolic: >90
DASH diet
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
-High in vegetables and fruits
Congestive heart failure
Inability of heart to pump adequate blood
Develops primarily in elderly
Dietary cholesterol
Raises blood cholesterol levels, but not to the level that sat and trans fats do
Major sources of dietary cholesterol
Eggs
Meat, poultry & shellfish
Cheese
Whole milk products
American Heart Association recommends how many servings of fatty fish per week?
At least 2
Intake from saturated fats should be less than ____ of kcalories
10%
Trans fat intake should be..
As low as possible
Cholesterol intake should be less than ____ mg/day
300
Hidden fats
Contain in fried foods, baked goods, sauces, mixed dished, dips, etc
Olestra
Fat replacer, causes digestive distress
