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Nutrition > Exam 3: Vitamins > Flashcards

Exam 3: Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Do vitamins yield energy?

A

NO

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2
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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3
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins and C vitamins

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4
Q

What are phytochemicals??

A

Nonnutritive substances in plant based foods that appear to have disease-fighting properties

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5
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A small molecule that combines with an enzyme to make it active

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6
Q

Thiamine (What is it?)

A

Vitamin B1

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7
Q

Thiamine (B1) Function

A

Coenzyme in energy metabolism

Nerve functioning related to muscle actions

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8
Q

Thiamine Deficiency

A

Ataxia (inability to walk properly)

Tachycardia

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9
Q

Thiamine Toxicity

A

Nontoxic

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10
Q

Thiamine Sources

A

Meat, milk, breads, cereals

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11
Q

Riboflavin (What is it?)

A

Vitamin B2

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12
Q

Riboflavin Function

A

Coenzyme in energy release

VERY light sensitive

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13
Q

Riboflavin Deficiency

A

Ariboflavinosis

Cheilosis (sores), glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis

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14
Q

Riboflavin Toxicity

A

Nontoxic

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15
Q

Riboflavin Sources

A

Dairy, cereal, nuts, milk

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16
Q

Niacin (What is it?)

A

Vitamin B3

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17
Q

Niacin Function

A

Coenzyme for many enzymes (especially energy metabolism)

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18
Q

What is niacin critical for?

A

Glycolysis and TCA cycle

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19
Q

What is the precursor of Niacin?

A

Amino acid Tryptophan

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20
Q

Niacin Sources

A

Protein-containing foods

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21
Q

Niacin Deficiency

A

Pellagra

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22
Q

Symptoms of pellagra

A

3Ds
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia

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23
Q

Who is at risk for pellagra?

A

Excessive alcohol consumption, malabsorption

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24
Q

Niacin Toxicity

A

Causes vasodilation and flushing affect

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25
Q

Pyridoxine (What is it?)

A

Vitamin B6

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26
Q

Pyridoxine Function

A

Acts as coenzyme in metabolism of amino acids and proteins

-Hemoglobin synthesis

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27
Q

Pyridoxine Deficiency

A

Rarely occurs alone

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28
Q

Pyridoxine Toxicity

A

UL 100 mg / day

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29
Q

Folate

30
Q

Synthetic folate is called…

A

Folic acid

31
Q

Folate Functions

A

-Coenzyme in one-carbon transfer during metabolism
-Required for synthesis of amino acids, DNA and RNA
Other functions….

32
Q

Folate Sources

A

Leafy green vegetables, legumes, fruit, fortified cereals

33
Q

What is folate affected by?

A

Heat, oxidation, UV light, processing, long storage

34
Q

Folate Deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, diarrhea, absentmindedness..

35
Q

Folate Toxicity

A

UL 1000 mcg folic acid

36
Q

Cobalamin (What is it?)

37
Q

Functions of Cobalamin

A
  • Modifies folate coenzymes to active forms
  • Metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids
  • Myelin sheath
38
Q

Cobalamin Deficiency

A

Usually secondary, results in..

-Megaloblastic anemia or pernicious anemia

39
Q

Cobalamin Toxicity

40
Q

Cobalamin sources

A

ONLY animal derived foods

41
Q

What does absorption of Cobalamin require?

A

Intrinsic factor produced by stomach mucosa

42
Q

Cobalamin Sources

A

Only animal derived foods

43
Q

Cobalamin Toxicity

44
Q

Vitamin C Functions

A

ANTIOXIDANT and coenzyme
Collagen formation
Wound healing

45
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency

A

Scurvy

Poor wound health, gingivitis, inadequate tooth and bone growth / maintenance

46
Q

Vitamin C Toxicity

A

UL

Cramps, diarrhea, kidney stones

47
Q

Biotin

A

Important role in metabolism (CHO, fat, and protein)

48
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

Part of coenzyme A for metabolism

49
Q

Choline

A

Synthesis of acetylcholine and lecithin (phospholipid)

50
Q

Vitamin A Functions

A 
Maintains skin and mucous membranes
Vision 
Bone growth
Immune System 
Reproduction
51
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Xerophthalmia: Night blindness
Immune system impaired
Limited bone growth

52
Q

Vitamin A sources (2 types)

A

Natural, pre-formed

Precursor carotenoids

53
Q

Natural preformed vitamin A sources

A

Whole milk, butter, liver, egg yolks, fatty fish

54
Q

Precursor carotenoids vitamin A

A

Deep green, yellow and orange fruits and vegetables

55
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

Only from pre-formed vitamin A

56
Q

What is the precursor to Vitamin A?

A

Beta-carotene

57
Q

Excess beta-carotene results in…

A

Orange tinted skin (Carotenemia)

58
Q

Vitamin D function

A

Intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Affects bone mineralization and mineral homeostasis (calcium)

59
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Body synthesis (sun) or dietary sources

60
Q

Dietary sources of vitamin D

A

Animal-related foods

61
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

A

Children: Rickets
Adults: Osteomalacia

62
Q

Vitamin D Toxicity

A

Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria

63
Q

Vitamin E function

A

Antioxidant

64
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency

A

Primary is rare

Secondary occur in individuals unable to absorb fat normally

65
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

Supplementation contraindicated with anticoagulant drugs

66
Q

Vitamin K Function

A

Cofactor in synthesis of blood-clotting factors

Protein formation in bone, kidney, plasma

67
Q

Vitamin K Sources

A

Synthesized by bacteria in GI tract

Dark green leafy vegetables, less in cereals

68
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

Inhibits blood coagulation

69
Q

Why are newborns given an inter muscular injection of vitamin K?

A

To prevent hemorrhagic disease

70
Q

Vitamin K Toxicity

A

Excess amounts of supplements decrease effectiveness of anticoagulant medications

Nutrition (10 decks)

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