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intro to biomedical sciences IBMS > minerals e lecture > Flashcards

minerals e lecture Flashcards

1
Q

why are minerals important

A

for correct physiological function

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2
Q

when can mineral deficiency occur

A

when crops grow on poor soil

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3
Q

which minerals are macrominerals

A 
calcium
magnesium
phosphorus
sodium
potassium 
chlorine
sulpher
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4
Q

what is the rni for macrominerals

A

greater than 100mg/day

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5
Q

which mineral is the most abundant in humans

A

calocum

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6
Q

how much calcium is present in a 70 kg man

A

1.2kg- 99% is found in the skeleton

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7
Q

what is the recommended nutrient index for calcium

A

700mg/day

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8
Q

when is calcium intake higher

A

during pregnancy
lactation
post menopause

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9
Q

what are sources of calcium

A

dairy and fortified foods such as bread and orange juice

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10
Q

how much calcium is taken from the diet

A

around 15-45%

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11
Q

why is calcium from spinach poorly absorbed

A

due to the complex formation with oxalic acid

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12
Q

why is calcium absorption in beans and cereals inhibited

A

by phytate

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13
Q

how is calcium absorption increased

A

by the parathyroid hormone and active vitamin D

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14
Q

what is the function of calcium

A

structural in skeleton and as an intracellular second messenger in (cAMP)
transmission at the synapsed and in muscle contraction and blood clotting

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15
Q

why might we be deficient in calcium

A

calcium deficient diet
secondary vit d deficiency
malabsorption

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16
Q

what is ostemalacia caused by

A

secondary deficiency in vit d

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17
Q

what oral problems are there if you have vitamin d deficiency

A

incomplete mineralisation of teeth
increased caries risk
malformation
increased perio problems

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18
Q

which group have the highest risk of gingival detachment in a low ca diet

A

less than 500mg/day

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19
Q

what is xs calcium caused by

A

hyperthyroidism

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20
Q

which issues can the deposition of calcium salts cause

A

renal stones and calcified arteries

arrhythmias, weakness, anorexia, constipation, sluggish nervous response.

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21
Q

what is the rni for phosphorus

A

550mg/day

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22
Q

what are the sources for phosphorus

A

most food

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23
Q

how is phosphorus absorbed

A

50-70% in diet(enhanced by vitamin D

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24
Q

what is the function of phosphorus

A

With Ca in mineralised tissues, biological buffer, and many biomolecules and processes

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25
Q

which biomolecules is phosphorus found in

A

ATP
DNA
RNA

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26
Q

why might people suffer with a phosphorus deficiency

A

usually due to kidney misfunction, aluminium in antacids, total starvation

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27
Q

what can phosphorus deficiency lead to

A

osteomalacia

rickets

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28
Q

what is osteomalcia in children called

A

rickets

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29
Q

what can excess phosphorus cause

A

Disturbance of calcium balance, increased porosity of the skeleton

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30
Q

which elements are known as trace elements

A 
iron
zinc
copper
cobalt
iodine
chromium
manganese 
selenium 
Molybdenum
nickel 
silicon 
vanadium
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31
Q

how much iron is lost per day via the GI tract

A

1MG/day

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32
Q

how much iron do adult males require

A

1mg/day

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33
Q

how much iron does a child require

A

1mg/day

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34
Q

how much iron does a menstruating women need

A

2mg/day

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35
Q

how much iron is found in 1ml of blood

A

0.5mg

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36
Q

how much iron does a pregnant women need

A

3mg/day

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37
Q

what is the rni of iron for women

A

14.8mg/day

38
Q

what is the rni of iron for men

A

8.7mg/day

39
Q

why is the rni of iron so much higher than how much is needed

A

as the absorption of iron is poor

40
Q

what are two forms of dietary iron

A

haem iron

non haem iron

41
Q

where is haem iron found

A

from meat liver - from haemoglobin and myoglobin

42
Q

where is non haem iron found

A

green veg and cereals
this is slowly absopred
tannin in tea

43
Q

which minerals can inhibit non haem iron takeup

A

calcium, polyphenols, phytates (found in legumes and whole grains), oxalate (green leafy veg)

44
Q

how can we get iron deficiency

A

Inadequate dietary intake, blood loss leading to anaemia

45
Q

what is the function of iron

A

In many proteins and enzymes – oxygen transport proteins, electron transport proteins etc.

46
Q

how is iron transported in the body

A

bound to transferrin

47
Q

how is iron stored in the body

A

it is stored bound to ferritin bone marrow and spleen in the haemosiderin in liver

48
Q

how are iron levels controlled

A

by absoprtion

49
Q

how can people suffer from iron toxicity

A

excess dietary intake or genetic disease

50
Q

how much iodine do we need in a day

A

140 microgramms/day

51
Q

where is iodine found

A

sea food, dairy products (table salt in US).

52
Q

what is the function of iodine

A

synthesis of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland – control metabolic rate –also essential for brain development in early life.

53
Q

what can deficiency of iodine cause

A

reduced synthesis of thyroid hormones – goitre in children and adults and mental retardation (cretinism) in neonates.

54
Q

What is the recommenced RNI for iodine

A

140 micrograms per day

55
Q

How are thyroid hormones stimulated

A

The hypothalamus released thyroid releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone which needs iodine and selenium for activation to produce thyroid hormones

56
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus release for thyroid hormone production

A

Thyroid releasing hero,one

57
Q

What hormone does the anterior pituitary release to produce thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

58
Q

What are sodium and potassium known as

A

Cationic electrolytes

59
Q

What is the recommenced nutrient index of sodium

A

1.6 grams per day

60
Q

What is the recommenced nutrient index of potassium per day

A

3.t grams per day

61
Q

Where does most of the sodium in our diet come from

A

Added salt

62
Q

What is the function of sodium

A

Sodium potassium pump
Controls ECF volume
Neuromuscular transmission

63
Q

What is the function of potassium

A

Main action in fluid
Neuromuscular transmission
Rental acid base control

64
Q

How much potassium cation is found in intracellular fluid

A

3.5-5milli Moles in plasma

65
Q

What is chloride known as

A

An anionic electrolyte

66
Q

What is the recommenced nutrient index of chloride

A

2.5mg per day but we exceed this because of salt in the diet

67
Q

What are sources of chloride

A

Meat
Eggs
Salt
Sea food

68
Q

Why might we suffer from sodium deficiency

A

Vomiting diarrhoea
Diuretics
Rental problems
Water loss and decreased plasma volume circulatory failure and collapse

69
Q

Why do we have potassium deficiency

A

Vomiting diarrhoea
Diuretics
Steroid use
Renal issues

70
Q

What does potassium deficiency cause

A

Arrhythmias and neuromuscular weakness

71
Q

What happens if we have XS sodium in the Body

A

It occurs in hypertension in sensitive individuals

72
Q

What issues can we suffer from with XS potassium

A

Hyperkalemia

73
Q

What is the recommended intake for copper

A

1.2 mg per day

74
Q

What are sources of copper

A

Liver
Shell fish
Nuts
Legumes

75
Q

What is the function of copper

A

Used as a cofactors for many enzymes
Antioxidant
Enzymes associated with melanin production
Proteins associated with iron absorption

76
Q

Which cofactors is copper used in

A

Cytochrome oxidase

Lysyl oxidase

77
Q

What are the symptoms of copper deficiency

A 
Tissue fragility 
Fragile bones 
Ruptured aorta 
Diminished skin pigment 
Neurological disorders
78
Q

What is Wilson’s disease

A

A rare genetic disorder which impairs copper excretion in bile
Copper accumulates in the brain and liver causing severe damage
Kayser fleischer rings in eyes

79
Q

What is the RNI of magnesium

A

270mg per day

80
Q

What is the function of Mg

A 
Bone biology and co factor 
Also involved in blood clotting 
Activation of vitamin D 
And RNA and DNA function 
Nerve transmission and muscle contraction
81
Q

Which group of people can be deficient in magnesium

A

Alcoholics

82
Q

What does Mg deficiency cause

A 
Neuromuscular spasms 
Arrhythmias 
Increased heart rate 
Bone fragility 
Gingival problems
83
Q

What is the RNI of zinc

A

10mg per day

84
Q

What is the function of zinc

A

Cofactors in many enzymes- in protein synthesis

Also forms zinc fingers which are structures of TF that interact with DNA and regulate gene expression

85
Q

What are zinc fingers

A

zinc fingers which are structures of TF that interact with DNA and regulate gene expression

86
Q

What does deficiency of zinc cause

A

Decreased protein and dna synthesis Retarding growth
Delays wound healing and compromises immunity
Impaired the senses of taste and smell

87
Q

What is the RNI of chromium

A

Not sure but 30 micrograms has been set in the US

88
Q

What are the sources of chromium

A 
Whole grains 
Seafood 
Cheese 
Chicken
Meat
89
Q

What is the function of chromium

A

Improves insulin function by increasing insulin binding to cells
Insulin receptor number and phosphorylation of the Insulin receptor

90
Q

What do diets high in simple sugars cause to happen with chromium

A

Increased urinary chromium excretion

91
Q

Which people might suffer chromium deficiency

A

Those who only eat processed foods or take IV nUtrition

intro to biomedical sciences IBMS (35 decks)

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