anatomy and function of the digestive tract Flashcards

Outline the components of the digestive system from proximal to distal and describe their main functions Understand what is meant by the term ‘peritoneum’ Describe the regions of the abdominal cavity

1
Q

what is the function of the digestive tract

A

transport of foodstuffs
breakdown of foodstuffs
absorption of sugars proteins fats and vitamins, minerals and water
excretion of waters

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2
Q

what is absoped in the digestive tract

A
sugars 
proteins 
vitamins 
minerals 
water 
fats
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3
Q

what is the digestive tract also known as

A

the GI tract

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4
Q

what does GI tract stand for

A

Gastro intestinal tract

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5
Q

what shape is the GI tract

A

a long muscular tube

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6
Q

what substances are emptied into the tract to aid digestion

A

enzymes
acid
bile

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7
Q

what are the major subdivisions of the digestive tract

A
  1. oral cavity, teeth, tongue
  2. pharynx
  3. oesophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine SI
  6. large intestine LI
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8
Q

what do the oral cavity teeth and tongue do

A

mechanical processing
moistening
mixing with saliva

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9
Q

what does the pharynx do

A

muscular propulsion of materials into the oesophagus

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10
Q

what does the oesophagus do

A

transport materials to the stomach

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11
Q

what does the stomach do

A

chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes

mechanical processing through muscular contractions

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12
Q

what does the SI do

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water organic substances vitamins and ions

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13
Q

what does the LI do

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water organic substances vitamins and ions

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14
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system

A

salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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15
Q

what do salivary glands do

A

secretion of lubricating fluid which contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates

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16
Q

what does the liver do

A

secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion)- storage of nutrients and many other vital functions

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17
Q

what does the gallbladder do

A

storage and concentration of bile

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18
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes,

endocrine secrete hormones

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19
Q

what do exocrine cells release from the pancreas

A

buffers and digestive enzymes

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20
Q

what do endocrine cells release from the pancreas

A

they secrete hormones

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21
Q

what is the order of organs in the tube from proximal to distal

A
oral cavity 
oesophagus 
stomach 
SI 
LI 
rectum 
Anus
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22
Q

what level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm

A

T10- oesophagus has 10 letters

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23
Q

what does the oral cavity do

A

the mechanical breakdown of food

chemical breakdown of food- parotid gland

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24
Q

which muscle allows us to keep food on our teeth surface

A

Buccinator

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25
Q

which is the largest salivary gland

A

parotid

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26
Q

which clues can we see of GI tract/ systemic diseases in the mouth

A
oral thrush
decay 
ulceration 
discolouration of teeth 
softened teeth/erosion 
abscesses
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27
Q

describe the oesophagus

A

muscular tube which connects the mouth to the stomach

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28
Q

what does the oesophagus consist of

A

smooth muscle

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29
Q

which organ connects the oral cavity to the oesophagus

A

pharynx

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30
Q

how does the bolus of food move down the oesophagus

A

by waves of contractions of the smooth muscle in the oesophagus

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31
Q

what shape is the stomach

A

J shaped bag

32
Q

what does the stomach connect

A

the oesophagus to the SI

33
Q

what does the inner surface of the stomach have

A

small folds called rugae

34
Q

why do we need rugae

A

increase SA

allows the stomach to expand

35
Q

what are the functions of the stomach

A

mechanical digestion from solid to liquid
chemical digestion
acid secretion and antibacterial action

36
Q

what is the anatomy of the SI

A

duodenum proximal)
jujunum
ileum

37
Q

what does the ileum connect

A

the SI to the LI

38
Q

what is the function of SI

A

nutrient absorption

39
Q

what the the SI attached to the posterior abdominal wall by

A

a mesentery

40
Q

what does the mesentery contain

A

a lot of blood vessels

41
Q

why is a lot of blood vessels important in the SI

A

FOR ABSOPRITON of nutrients

42
Q

describe the duodenum

A

first part of the intestine
receives secretions from the pancreas
as well as bile from the gallbladder to aid digestion

43
Q

what is special about the jejunum and the ileum

A

the fact that the inner surface is highly folded to increase SA

44
Q

WHAT ARE THE PARTS of the LI

A
the cecum 
ascending colon
transverse colon 
descending colon 
sigmoid colon
45
Q

where does the ileum connect to

A

the ileum connects to the cecum of the LI

46
Q

what is the function of the LI

A

water absroption
production of faecal matter
secretion of mucus

47
Q

what is the pancreas

A

accessory organ of digestion

48
Q

what re the four sections of the pancreas

A

head
neck
body
tail

49
Q

what is the function of the pancreas

A

Secretes enzymes into the duodenum for protein digestion (exocrine)
Secretes hormones including insulin and glucagon for blood sugar control (endocrine)

50
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secretes enzymes into the duodenum for protein digestion (exocrine)

51
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secretes hormones including insulin and glucagon for blood sugar control (endocrine)

52
Q

what are the four anatomical lobes of the liver

A

right 1
left 2
quadrate 3
caudate 4

53
Q

what are the functions of the liver

A
Bile production
Detox – drugs, alcohol
Albumin production (main protein of blood plasma)
Clotting factors
Storage of glycogen
54
Q

describe the gallbladder

A

Stores and secretes bile in to the duodenum

Emulsifies fat

55
Q

what components are included in the portal triad which pass into the liver

A

Bile Duct out of the liver
Hepatic Artery Proper into the liver
Hepatic Portal Vein into the liver

56
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

membranes of the abdomino-pelvic cavity

57
Q

which duct passes out from the gallbladder

A

the cystic duct

passes through the pancreas

58
Q

how does bile pass to the liver and the duodenum

A

the common duct

59
Q

what duct lies in the pancreas

A

pancreatic duct

60
Q

where does the hepatic portal vein collect blood from

A

the GI tract-

61
Q

why does the hepatic portal vein carry blood into the liver

A

to be cleaned

62
Q

where do we find the portal triad

A

in the free edge near the lesser omentum-

63
Q

what connects the liver to the duodenum

A

the hepatoduodenal ligament

64
Q

what connects the liver to the stomach

A

hepatogastric ligament

65
Q

what is the lesser omentum made up of

A

the hepatogastic ligament

and the hepaduodenal ligament

66
Q

what is the peritoneum made up of

A

visceral-covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs
parietal- lines the inner body walls

67
Q

what does visceral peritoneum cover

A

the external surfaces of most digestive organs

SHINY

68
Q

what does the parietal peritoneum cover

A

lines the inner body walls

69
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity

A

the potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum

70
Q

what is found in the peritoneal cavity

A

fluid which helps with lubrication

71
Q

what forms the mesentery

A

two layers of visceral peritoneum

72
Q

when is the organ considered as intraperitoneal

A

A mesentery attaches an organ to the posterior abdominal wall and means the organ can be mobilized.

73
Q

when is the organ considered as retroperitoneal

A

If the visceral peritoneum runs over the organ, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall,

74
Q

what is the greater omentum

A

hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach, covering the GI tract and providing protection. It is a large fold of visceral peritoneum.

75
Q

what is the lesser omentum

A

Connected from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

76
Q

how is the omentum different to the mesentery

A

the omentum is a double layer of parietal peritoneum rather than visceral peritoneum