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Micro > Minerals Calcium and Phosphorus > Flashcards

Minerals Calcium and Phosphorus Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Phosphorus is an essential mineral

A

True

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2
Q

Phosphorus is a component of…

A

Bones, Teeth, DNA/RNA

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3
Q

How is phosphorus part of every cell membrane

A

It forms the phospholipid bilayer

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4
Q

Which mineral plays a role in regulating gene transcription, activation of enzymes, maintenance of normal pH, and aids in energy metabolism

A

Phosphorus

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5
Q

T/F phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body

A

True

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6
Q

Does phosphorus act as an acid or base

A

Base

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7
Q

How does phosphorus help to convert ATP to ADP

A

It can help break the bond of 1 of the phosphorus groups in ATP to have 2 groups instead of 3

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8
Q

What process does phosphorus help undergo to convert ADP to ATP

A

Phosphorylation

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9
Q

Why can’t seeds/ unleavened bread forms of phosphorus be absorbed?

A

Lack of phytase enzyme to digest those foods.

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10
Q

What are the main sources of phosphorus?

A

Milk, meats, and eggs, nuts, and legumes

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11
Q

How is phosphorus absorbed?

A

Passive diffusion in SI

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12
Q

What enhances absorption of phosphorus?

A

Calcitriol

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13
Q

What can prevent absorption of phosphorus?

A

Calcium

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14
Q

How are phosphorus levels measured?

A

Serum/plasma

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15
Q

What are the appropriate serum levels of phosphorus? Units

A

mg/dL

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16
Q

What is the phosphorus deficiency known as?

A

Hypophosphatemia

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17
Q

T/F Hypophosphatemia is almost never the result of low dietary intakes.

A

True

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18
Q

Conor has refeeding syndrome. What would this indicate he has?

A

Hypophosphatemia

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19
Q

What groups is it common to see hypophosphatemia?

A

Chronic alcoholism and critical illness

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20
Q

Conor has patients with hyperparathyroidism, kidney tubule effects, and DKA. What mineral deficiency should he look for in these patients

A

Hypophosphatemia

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21
Q

What groups are more at risk for hypophosphatemia?

A

Preterm newborns, people with genetic phosphate regulation disorders, patients with severe malnutrition.

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22
Q

Conor has chronic kidney disease. What should his doctor be helping him to avoid?

A

Hyperphosphatemia

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23
Q

T/F hyperphosphatemia can cause calcium-phosphorus precipitates in body tissues.

A

True

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24
Q

What is the correct UL for Phosphorus? units

A

mg/day

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25
Q

Conor is taking antacids. Which mineral does he need to get more of in his diet?

A

Phosphorus

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26
Q

Conor is taking laxatives. What mineral does he need to limit intake of?

A

Phosphorus

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27
Q

T/F Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body

A

True

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28
Q

What structures does calcium make up?

A

Bones, teeth, and allows normal bodily movement by keeping tissue rigid, strong, and flexible

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29
Q

What is the function of calcium

A

Bone development and maintenance, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and cell metabolism

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30
Q

Why is calcium needed for blood clotting

A

Needed for reactions to create main blood clotting protein.

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31
Q

T/F Dietary intake of calcium is associated with health benefits, supplemental is not

A

True

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32
Q

What are health benefits of calcium

A

Protect against development of oxalate kidney stones
May help decrease blood pressure
Protect against colorectal cancer

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33
Q

How is calcium absorbed

A

By both active transport and passive diffusion across the intestinal mucosa

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34
Q

T/F Active transport is responsible for calcium absorption when intake is higher

A

False. It’s responsible when intake is lower.

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35
Q

What vitamin is required for calcium to be absorbed by active transport

A

Vitamin D

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36
Q

What active form of Vitamin D promotes and regulates the absorption of Calcium in SI.

A

Calcitriol

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37
Q

Why is calcium absorption more efficient in the SI than the LI

A

SI is closer to the stomach which has a slightly more acidic pH which helps keep it in its ionic form.

38
Q

What can enhance calcium absorption

A

Rapid growth
Lactose protein
Reduced low stomach pH, diarrhea, and inhibitors
Reduced fat malabsorption

39
Q

What hormone is an important regulator of blood Ca levels

A

Parathyroid hormone

40
Q

How does parathyroid hormone help regulate Ca levels

A

Acts on bone to release calcium in the blood and acts on kidneys to conserve calcium in the form of calcitriol.

41
Q

What does calcitonin do to calcium levels

A

Acts on the bone to limit release of calcium and acts on kidneys to increase calcium excretion in the urine.

42
Q

Where is most calcium stored?

A

The bones
The body uses the bones as a reservoir for and source of calcium to maintain calcium homeostasis.

43
Q

What form is calcium stored as in the bones

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

44
Q

Why is bone remodeling required

A

To change bone size during growth, repair damage, maintain serum calcium levels, and provide a source of other minerals.

45
Q

How much calcium does the body contain at birth

A

26-30g

46
Q

How much calcium does the body contain by adulthood (males vs females)

A

Women- 1200g
Men- 1400g

47
Q

Why do calcium levels begin to drop in women at the start of menopause

A

Bone remodeling increases due to decreased estrogen production

48
Q

T/F absorption of calcium rich foods works better at lower intakes than higher intakes

A

True

49
Q

T/F age doesn’t affect absorption of calcium

A

False. Age does affect absorption of calcium

50
Q

How are calcium levels measured

A

In serum or plasma

51
Q

What is the concentration range for calcium in healthy people. Units

A

mg/dL

52
Q

What is the concentration range for ionized calcium in healthy people. Units

A

mg/dL

53
Q

T/F ionized calcium is more meaningful to measure than total calcium

A

True

54
Q

What are the main food sources of calcium

A

Milk, yogurt, cheese, sardines, canned salmon, broccoli, and fortified grains/cereals and fruit juices

55
Q

What is the RDA of calcium for 19-50 years. units

A

mg/day

56
Q

What is the RDA of calcium for >50 female and >70 male. Units

A

1200 mg/day

57
Q

What compounds in plants decrease calcium absorption

A

Oxalic acid and phytic acid

58
Q

Why do the compounds in plants decrease calcium absorption

A

Decrease calcium absorption by forming indigestible salts with calcium

59
Q

What is the bioavailability of plants that do not contain oxalic acid and phytic acid for calcium absorption

A

similar to that of milk, but the amount of calcium is much lower.

60
Q

What can decrease the net absorption of calcium

A

Intakes of caffeine and phosphorus

61
Q

What other mineral absorption can calcium supplements decrease

A

Iron, zinc, and magnesium

62
Q

What are the risks of calcium supplements

A

GI side effects
Risk for lead contamination

63
Q

Conor is taking antacids. What minerals should he make sure to incorporate more in his meals.

A

Iron, zinc, and magnesium

64
Q

T/F as the calcium supplement increases, the amount absorbed decreases

A

True

65
Q

Conor is taking antacids. To increase absorption of calcium he should take them with food?

A

Yes. Calcium absorption from supplements is greater when they are taking them with food.

66
Q

defective bone mineralization and bone softening. Condition

A

Osteomalacia

67
Q

What deficiency might someone who has low calcium levels develop?

A

Hypocalcemic tetany

68
Q

What is Hypocalcemic tetany

A

Involuntary contraction of muscles

69
Q

When is osteoporosis diagnosed

A

When bone loss and strength decline significantly

70
Q

Loss of bone to spine is known as

A

Kyphosis

71
Q

T/F there are physical focused indicators of osteoporosis

A

False.

72
Q

Conor’s ionized calcium level comes back as below 4.61 mg/dL. What is Conor’s diagnoses based off this information?

A

Hypocalcemia

73
Q

Hypocalcemia is usually a result of what?

A

Vitamin D or magnesium deficiency
Impaired parathyroid hormone
Impaired bone resorption of calcium
critical illness
Use of certain medications

74
Q

What are symptoms of hypocalcemia

A

Increased irritability, tingling in hands and feet, and muscle spasms

75
Q

What groups are at risk of hypocalcemia

A

Postmenopausal women
People who avoid dairy products (vegans)

76
Q

What might someone experience if they have hypercalcemia/hypercalciuria

A

Poor muscle tone, renal insufficiency, hypophosphatemia, constipation, nausea, weight loss, fatigue, polyuria, heart arrythmias, high risk of CVD

77
Q

What is the UL of calcium for people aged 19-50. Units

A

mg/day

78
Q

What is the UL of calcium for people aged >50 years. Units

A

mg/day

79
Q

Excess calcium by supplements can cause? Symptoms

A

Irritability, headache, kidney failure, and decreased absorption of other minerals.

80
Q

What is the function of phosphorus

A

Regulates gene transcription, activation of enzymes, maintenance of normal pH, and aids in energy metabolism.

81
Q

Where is most phosphorus stored?

A

In bones and teeth

82
Q

What vitamin helps to regulate phosphorus levels

A

Vitamin D

83
Q

T/F animal sources of phosphorus are higher than plant sources

A

True

84
Q

What should the serum phosphorus levels be at? Unit

A

mg/dL

85
Q

What medical conditions can cause hypophosphatemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism, kidney tubule effects, and DKA

86
Q

Hyperphosphatemia is common in people with..

A

Chronic kidney disease

87
Q

Why do people with kidney disease are at risk for protein malnutrition

A

Phosphorus is mainly found in protein rich foods.

88
Q

T/F Hyperphosphatemia can cause calcium-phosphorus precipitates in body tissues.

A

True

89
Q

How do antacids effect the absorption of phosphorus

A

bind phosphorus in the intestines

90
Q

How do laxatives effect the amount of phosphorus someone may have

A

Contain sodium phosphate which can increase serum phosphate levels

Micro (7 decks)

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