Minerals Flashcards
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up __% of body weight.
96
minerals, represent _% of body weight
4
-Inorganic elements necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in various body functions.
- Found in all body tissues
- Cannot provide energy by themselves but contribute to production of energy within
the body
Minerals
Required in amounts greater than 100 mg a day
Major minerals
Needed in amounts smaller than 100 mg a day
Trace minerals
Electrically charged atoms resulting from
mineral salts dissolved in water
Ions
ions become ___ once it enter the body
electrolytes.
- Maintain the body’s fluid balance
- Contribute to electrical balance
- Assist in transmission of nerve impulses and contraction of muscles
- Help regulate the body’s acid-base balance
Electrolytes
occurs when concentrated forms
of minerals are taken regularly over time.
Toxicity
5 Major Minerals
l Calcium
l Phosphorus
l Potassium
l Sodium
l Chloride
normal amount of calcium in blood
8-10 mg/dl
- Human body contains more of this mineral than any other mineral
- In combination with phosphorus, gives strength and hardness to bones and teeth
- Bones provide storage for calcium.
- Needed for normal nerve and muscle action, blood clotting, heart function, and cell metabolism
Calcium (Ca)
hormone that deposits calcium to the bones
calcitonin
hormone that puts calcium in to the blood
parathyroid hormone
in increases calcium in bone
osteoclast
increase bone mass if blood
calcium level is high until one is age 30– 35 years old.
osteoblast
Bone mass will remain stable in women until ?
menopause
When vegetables contain ___ __, as spinach and Swiss chard do, the calcium remains unavailable because it prevents it from being absorbed
oxalic acid
When the intake of fiber exceeds 35 g a day, calcium will also bind with ___ (phosphorus
compounds found in some high-fiber cereals), which also limits its absorption.
phytates
3 factors Enhances absorption of calcium
- Vitamin D
- Calcium-to-phosphorus ratio that includes no more phosphorus than calcium
- Presence of lactose
age group that requires the most amount of calcium
9 -18 = 1,300 mg and pregnant / lactating women
has the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium
Calcium carbonate
characterized by involuntary muscle movement, results from insufficient calcium in
the blood.
Tetany / chvostek sign
condition that can affect calcium deposits; pt can experience severe hypocalcemia
thyroidectomy
carpopedal spasm by inflaion of sphygmomanometer for 3 mins
trousseu sign
Constituent of all body cells
- Necessary for the formation of strong, rigid bones and teeth; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; proper acid-base balance; and effective action of several B vitamins
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is Stored in bones; absorption is increased
in the presence of vitamin?
Vit d
Excessive use of __ affects vit D absorption
antacids
-Found primarily in intracellular fluid
-Essential for fluid balance and osmosis
-Maintains fluid level within the cell
- Necessary for transmitting nerve impulses and muscle contractions
Potassium
Potassium
Deficiency = ____
- Caused by diarrhea, vomiting, diabetic acidosis, severe malnutrition, or excessive use of laxatives or diuretics
Symptoms include nausea, anorexia, fatigue, muscle weakness, and heart abnormalities
hypokalemia
Potassium Excess = ___
-Caused by dehydration, renal failure, excessive intake
-Cardiac failure can result.
hyperkalemia
normal potassium in blood
3.5 - 5
- Primary function is the control of fluid balance in the body
- Maintains acid-base balance
- Participates in the transmission of nerve impulses essential for normal muscle function
Sodium
people with renal failure have excess potassium that can lead to cardiac failure
people with renal failure have excess potassium that can lead to cardiac failure
normal sodium
135 - 145
DRI for sodium is
1,500 mg
Tolerable upper limit of sodium is
5,800 mg
One teaspoon of table salt contains___ mg of sodium.
2,000
- Essential for maintenance of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
- Found in hydrochloric acid, cerebrospinal fluid, and muscle and nerve tissue
- Helps blood carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and is necessary during immune responses when white blood cells attack foreign cells
Chloride
too much can cause edema and resulting
hypertension
Associated with hypertension and
congestive heart failure
Sodium Excess
-vital to both hard and soft body tissues
-Essential for metabolism
-Regulates nerve and muscle function
-Plays a role in the blood-clotting process
Magnesium
- Necessary to all body tissue and for metabolism
- Contributes to the characteristic odor of burning hair and tissue
- Component of some amino acids
- Found in protein-rich foods
Sulfur
- Delivers oxygen to body tissues
- Component of hemoglobin
- Component of myoglobin, a protein compound in muscles that provides oxygen to cells
- Used by enzymes that are involved in making amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters
Iron (Fe)
is a condition resulting from an inborn error of metabolism that causes excessive absorption of iron.
– To control buildup of iron, clients with this condition must give blood on a regular basis.
Hemochromatosis
-Component of thyroid hormones,
thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3)
- Necessary for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, which determines rate of metabolism
- Sources include iodized salt, seafood, and some plant foods grown in soil
bordering the sea
Iodine
a condition of
hypothyroidism in adults
Myxedema
is low thyroid in a child; physical and mental development are retarded
Cretinism
- Cofactor for more than 300 enzymes
- Essential for growth, wound healing, taste acuity, glucose tolerance, and mobilization of vitamin A within the body
Zinc
- Found in all tissues; heaviest concentration in the liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain
- Helps in formation of hemoglobin; aids in transport of iron to bone marrow for the
formation of red blood cells; and participates in energy production
Copper
- Increases resistance to dental caries, and may strengthen teeth and bones
-Deficiency can result in increased tooth decay.
- Excess can cause permanent discoloration or mottling of children’s teeth.
Fluoride
is an inherited condition causing damage to liver cells and neurons. Detected early, copper-binding agents may be used to bind copper in the
bloodstream and increase excretion.
Wilson’s disease
