Minerals Flashcards by Calen Avelino

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up __% of body weight.

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minerals, represent _% of body weight

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-Inorganic elements necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in various body functions.
- Found in all body tissues
- Cannot provide energy by themselves but contribute to production of energy within
the body

Minerals

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Required in amounts greater than 100 mg a day

Major minerals

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Needed in amounts smaller than 100 mg a day

Trace minerals

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Electrically charged atoms resulting from
mineral salts dissolved in water

Ions

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ions become ___ once it enter the body

electrolytes.

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Maintain the body’s fluid balance
Contribute to electrical balance
Assist in transmission of nerve impulses and contraction of muscles
Help regulate the body’s acid-base balance

Electrolytes

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occurs when concentrated forms
of minerals are taken regularly over time.

Toxicity

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5 Major Minerals

l Calcium
l Phosphorus
l Potassium
l Sodium
l Chloride

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normal amount of calcium in blood

8-10 mg/dl

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Human body contains more of this mineral than any other mineral
In combination with phosphorus, gives strength and hardness to bones and teeth
Bones provide storage for calcium.
Needed for normal nerve and muscle action, blood clotting, heart function, and cell metabolism

Calcium (Ca)

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hormone that deposits calcium to the bones

calcitonin

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hormone that puts calcium in to the blood

parathyroid hormone

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in increases calcium in bone

osteoclast

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increase bone mass if blood
calcium level is high until one is age 30– 35 years old.

osteoblast

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Bone mass will remain stable in women until ?

menopause

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When vegetables contain ___ __, as spinach and Swiss chard do, the calcium remains unavailable because it prevents it from being absorbed

oxalic acid

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When the intake of fiber exceeds 35 g a day, calcium will also bind with ___ (phosphorus
compounds found in some high-fiber cereals), which also limits its absorption.

phytates

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3 factors Enhances absorption of calcium

Vitamin D
Calcium-to-phosphorus ratio that includes no more phosphorus than calcium
Presence of lactose

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age group that requires the most amount of calcium

9 -18 = 1,300 mg and pregnant / lactating women

has the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium

Calcium carbonate

characterized by involuntary muscle movement, results from insufficient calcium in
the blood.

Tetany / chvostek sign

condition that can affect calcium deposits; pt can experience severe hypocalcemia

thyroidectomy

carpopedal spasm by inflaion of sphygmomanometer for 3 mins

trousseu sign

Constituent of all body cells - Necessary for the formation of strong, rigid bones and teeth; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; proper acid-base balance; and effective action of several B vitamins

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is Stored in bones; absorption is increased in the presence of vitamin?

Vit d

Excessive use of __ affects vit D absorption

antacids

-Found primarily in intracellular fluid -Essential for fluid balance and osmosis -Maintains fluid level within the cell - Necessary for transmitting nerve impulses and muscle contractions

Potassium

Potassium Deficiency = ____ - Caused by diarrhea, vomiting, diabetic acidosis, severe malnutrition, or excessive use of laxatives or diuretics Symptoms include nausea, anorexia, fatigue, muscle weakness, and heart abnormalities

hypokalemia

Potassium Excess = ___ -Caused by dehydration, renal failure, excessive intake -Cardiac failure can result.

hyperkalemia

normal potassium in blood

3.5 - 5

- Primary function is the control of fluid balance in the body - Maintains acid-base balance - Participates in the transmission of nerve impulses essential for normal muscle function

Sodium

people with renal failure have excess potassium that can lead to cardiac failure

normal sodium

135 - 145

DRI for sodium is

1,500 mg

Tolerable upper limit of sodium is

5,800 mg

One teaspoon of table salt contains___ mg of sodium.

2,000

- Essential for maintenance of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance - Found in hydrochloric acid, cerebrospinal fluid, and muscle and nerve tissue - Helps blood carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and is necessary during immune responses when white blood cells attack foreign cells

Chloride

too much can cause edema and resulting hypertension Associated with hypertension and congestive heart failure

Sodium Excess

-vital to both hard and soft body tissues -Essential for metabolism -Regulates nerve and muscle function -Plays a role in the blood-clotting process

Magnesium

- Necessary to all body tissue and for metabolism - Contributes to the characteristic odor of burning hair and tissue - Component of some amino acids - Found in protein-rich foods

Sulfur

- Delivers oxygen to body tissues - Component of hemoglobin - Component of myoglobin, a protein compound in muscles that provides oxygen to cells - Used by enzymes that are involved in making amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters

Iron (Fe)

is a condition resulting from an inborn error of metabolism that causes excessive absorption of iron. -- To control buildup of iron, clients with this condition must give blood on a regular basis.

Hemochromatosis

-Component of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) - Necessary for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, which determines rate of metabolism - Sources include iodized salt, seafood, and some plant foods grown in soil bordering the sea

Iodine

a condition of hypothyroidism in adults

Myxedema

is low thyroid in a child; physical and mental development are retarded

Cretinism

- Cofactor for more than 300 enzymes - Essential for growth, wound healing, taste acuity, glucose tolerance, and mobilization of vitamin A within the body

Zinc

- Found in all tissues; heaviest concentration in the liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain - Helps in formation of hemoglobin; aids in transport of iron to bone marrow for the formation of red blood cells; and participates in energy production

Copper

- Increases resistance to dental caries, and may strengthen teeth and bones -Deficiency can result in increased tooth decay. - Excess can cause permanent discoloration or mottling of children’s teeth.

Fluoride

is an inherited condition causing damage to liver cells and neurons. Detected early, copper-binding agents may be used to bind copper in the bloodstream and increase excretion.

Wilson’s disease