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Exam 1: DHHD 5001 > Mineralization (Chun) > Flashcards

Mineralization (Chun) Flashcards

1
Q

Three mineralized tissues of tooth

A

-Enamel -Dentin -Cementum (Also bone)

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2
Q

______ is the process by which organisms produce mineral to stiffen or harden tissues to withstand mechanical forces. Those tissues are called mineralized tissues.

A

Biomineralization

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3
Q

In dentin, cementum, and bone, mineralization is based on ______. In enamel, it depends on _______.

A

-Collagen -Enamel proteins

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4
Q

The most common mineral present in biomineralization is _______.

A

Hydroxyapatite

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5
Q

The structure of calcium hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is a highly specific arrangement of ______ and _____ ions that can form other structures as well, as in calculus.

A

-Calcium -Phosphate

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6
Q

Mineral forms by the precipitation of ________.

A

Ions from solution

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7
Q

______ is the concentration of the ions that are supplied. The Solubility product is dependent on _____. The precipitation of a mineral depends on the concentration and degree of saturation.

A

-Ionic Product (IP) -pH

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8
Q

What do the lines represent?

A

IP and Ksp (at equilibrium)

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9
Q

What does left and below the lines represent?

A

IP < Ksp (demineralization)

When mouth is in acidic environment (lemons, etc.)

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10
Q

What does right and above the lines represent?

A

IP > Ksp (remineralization)

(Fluoride rinse)

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11
Q

What is required for biomineraliation?

A
  • Cells, which control environment and proteins secreted
  • Cells create compartment so that ions and proteins are concentrated
  • Organic: Matrix (proteins) and Solubles (ions)
  • Inorganic: Mineral and Impurities
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12
Q

Each tissue is eager to shape minerals, so they can obtain different shapes. These ______ are hexagonal.

A

Crystals

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13
Q

Crystal growth: Inital nucleation events are controlled locally by _______ and by mineral nucleators and inhibitors.

A

Concentrations of mineral ions

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14
Q

Crystal growth is influenced by ______.

A

Environment

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15
Q

Crystal growth: _______ can bind selectively to different surfaces of the crystal, preventing further growth and thereby determining the final size of the crystal.

A

Noncollagenous proteins

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16
Q

The _____ provides loci to bind matrix proteins. Acidic and phosphorylated matrix proteins have an affinity for ______, which attract ______, and create a _______.

A
  • Collagen fibril
  • Calcium ions
  • Inorganic phosphates
  • Crystal nucelus
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17
Q

What are the non-collagenous proteins?

A

Secretory Ca-binding phosphoproteins (SCPP)

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18
Q

Secretory Ca-binding phosphoproteins (SCPP) form a _________.

A

cluster of genes

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19
Q

Genes to the right of SPARCL1 (acidic) (dentin and bone)

A
  • DSPP
  • SMP1
  • IBSP
  • =OPN
20
Q

Genes to the left of SPARCL1 (Rich in proline and glutamine) (Enamel, milk, saliva)

A
  • AMEL
  • ODAM
  • AMTN
  • AMBN
  • ENAM
21
Q

All genes of gene cluster share same ancestral gene (______), have a _______ (secreted into matrix), bind to ______, have the same structure of ______, and have _______ on serine.

A
  • SPARCL1
  • Signal peptide
  • Calcium
  • Exon-intron
  • Phosphorylation
22
Q

Enamel:

  • _____ origin
  • Formed in _____
  • _______ are secreted
  • ___% mineral
A
  • Epithelial
  • Enamel organ
  • Enamel proteins
  • 95%
23
Q

Bone, Dentin, Cementum:

  • _____ origin
  • Formed in _____
  • Dependent on _____ and _____
  • ___% mineral
A
  • Mesenchymal
  • Matrix vesicle
  • Collagen type 1 and non-collagenous proteins
  • 45-67%
24
Q

_______ are expelled from cell and offer a compartment where ions can be concentrated and minerals can be formed. As minerals grow, they puncture vesicle and provide an ______ for further growth inside the vesicle. Proteins of the ____ continue to control crystal growth.

A
  • Matrix vesicles
  • initiation
  • ECM
25
Q

Collagen fibrils provide a _____ for the deposition of the mineral phase in a highly organized structure. Non-collagenous proteins bond to holes between collagen fibrils and initiate mineralization. Dark bands are holes filled with minerals.

A

Scaffold

26
Q

Ameloblasts are of _______ origin and are connected to each other by tight junctions. Closes space completely. Acts as a barrier for mineralized dentin.

A

Epithelial

27
Q

Ameloblast membrane is ruffled with invaginations and surrounds the dentin crystals and mineralized collagen fibers. The ameloblasts start secreting proteins, and the ________ starts (mineralization front). Travel in same direction as collagen fibers.

A

ribbon formation

28
Q

Dentin makes up root and coronal portion and is made my odontoblasts. Odontonblasts have ______ and secrete matrix called ______.

A
  • Processes
  • Predentin
29
Q

Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is expressed by one gene and cleaves to give rise to _______, ________, and ______. DPP is highly phosphorylated due to _______. It is very acidic and can bind calcium.

A
  • Dentin phosphoprotein (DPP)
  • Dentin sialoprotein (DSP)
  • Dentin glycoprotein (DGP)
  • Serine
30
Q

DSP is localized to _____, _____, _____, and ______.

A
  • Dentin
  • Cementum
  • Pulp
  • Alveolar bone
31
Q

DSP is found around the ______ in peritubular dentin. Collagen is found in intertubular dentin.

A

Odontonblast processes

32
Q

_______ covers and lines the root surface and makes connection to periodontal ligament.

A

Cementum

33
Q

_______ cementum is found on coronal portion of root, and _______ cementum is found at the apical portion.

A
  • Acellular
  • Cellular
34
Q

Cementoblasts secrete a matrix that later mineralizes. The unmineralized matrix is called _____, and when cells become embedded they are called ________.

A
  • Cementoid
  • Cementocytes
35
Q

Cementum: Osteopontin
Structure: A lot of _______; _______ to bind calcium; residues that can facilitate an attachement to cells, _____ can bind to inigrin receptors on cells and collagen.

Functions: Cell _____ and inhibition of _________.

A
  • Phosphorylation
  • Aspartic acid
  • RGD
  • Attachement
  • HA crystal growth
36
Q

Osteopontin accumulates between the ______ portions of the _______.

A
  • Inserted
  • Extrinsic collagen fibers
37
Q

Bone Sialoprotein:

Structure

  • Phosphorylated, acidic
  • _______ bind to calcium
  • Cell attachment site (____)

Function

  • Nucleation of ______
  • Binding site for _____
  • Anchchor protein to _____ before transferring to the collagen fibrils
A
  • Glutamic acids
  • RGD
  • HA
  • HA
  • Cell surface
38
Q

BSP localizes to acellular and cellular ______ and ______.

A

Cementum and bone

39
Q

Enamel does not contain any cells. Cells are dying as tooth erupts. Cells that make enamel are called _______(tall polarized cells). Apical portion forms process called _______.

A
  • ameloblasts
  • Tomes’ process
40
Q

Enamel proteins are unique: Amelogenein

Structure:

  • ____% of enamel matrix
  • Alternative splicing
  • Cleavage by MMP20 and Klk4
  • Phosphorylation
  • Intrinsically ______
  • Self Assembly into _____

Function:

-Regulates ________

A
  • 80-90%
  • Disordered
  • Nanospheres
  • Crystal spacing
41
Q

Hard tissue formation involves ____ situated close to a blood supply, producing an _______ capable of initiating and binding mineral (apatite).

A
  • Cells
  • Organic matrix
42
Q

The components of hydroxyapatite, ________, are supplied via blood vessels.

A

calcium and phosphate

43
Q

Cells thus have the cytologic features of cells that actively ______ and _____ protein.

A

synthesize and secrete

44
Q

Mineralization in the connective hard tissues entails an ______ mechanism involving a cell-derived _______ and the control of spontaneous _________ from supersaturated tissue fluids by SCPP proteins (non-collagenous).

A
  • initial nucleation
  • matrix vesicle
  • mineral precipitation
45
Q

After initial nucleation, further mineralization is achieved in relation to the _______ and spread of mineral within and between fibrils.

A

collagen fiber

46
Q

In enamel, mineralization initiates in relation to _________ of dentin and ________ from the mineralization front.

A
  • preexisting apatite crystals
  • enamel matrix proteins

Exam 1: DHHD 5001 (14 decks)

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