Cell Structures and Types (Larsen 1) Flashcards
Levels of organization in a multicellular organism
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
Made of specialized cell types bound together with various extracellular products
Tissues
Made of 2 or more tissues forming a large functional unit
Organ
Made of organs with interrelated functions
Organ system
Made of organ systems
Organism
What is a tissue?
- Structurally similar cells
- Cell products (extracellular matrices)
- Group of cells and their products together perform a function
What are the basic tissues?
Epithelium
Connective tissues
Muscle
Nerve tissue
Which tissue lines body surfaces and cavities, protects & performs glandular secretion?
Epithelium (Such as enamel, which is a product of the ameloblast, which is drived from epithelium)
Which tissue supports and protect tissues & organs?
Connective tissue
Which tissue is responsible for body movement?
Muscle
Which tissue transmits nervous impulses?
Nerve tissue
What is needed to make a tooth?
- Epithelium
- Connective tissue
- Need to go from undifferentiated to specific cell fates
In making distinct tissues, ____ and ____ must be sensed and responded to by cells.
Time and place
In making distinct tissues, there must be ____ and ____ regulation of cellular products.
Temporal and spatial
Example of distinct cell types from same genome: Jejunum of small intestine
- Complete digestion
- Absorb nutrients
Example of distinct cell types from same genome: Neuron
- Communication
- Movement
- Sensory perception
How do we make distinct tissues?
Regulate gene expression for the appropriate amount in the proper place at the right time
DNA –> RNA Pol II –> ____ –> Protein
mRNA
DNA –> RNA Pol I –> ____ –> Protein
rRNA
DNA –> RNA Pol III –> ____ –> Protein
tRNA, 5S RNA and other small RNAs
Cell fates: Cells start ______ then _____ to perform specific functions.
- Undifferentiated
- Differentiate
Cell fates: Cycles of _____, _____, and _____ lead to organ formation.
- Division
- Differentiation
- Morphogenesis (moving into place)
Cell fates: _____ is important for maintenance.
Mitosis
Cell fates: May become ______.
Post-mitotic (neurons and ameloblasts)
Cell fates: May undergo ______.
Programmed cell death (ameloblasts)
What did Brenner, Sulston and Horvitz win the 2002 Nobel Prize for?
Foundational studies which elucidated organogenesis
Active, lighter staining because it is more open due to transcription
Euchromatin
Closed off, compacted, not used
Heterochromatin
Nucleoplasm
Equivalent to cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Boundary
Perinuclear space
Pores used for export
Moderately dense part of nucleolus
Fibrillar areas
Fibrillar areas
: DNA sequences for the rRNA genes and rRNA transcripts
Denser part of nucleolus
Granular material
Granular material
The large and small ribosomal subunits being assembled rRNA
Functions of the nucleus
- DNA
- RNA
- Utilization of genome
mRNA and tRNA come from _____.
Euchromatin
Functions of the nucleolus
rRNA synthesis
Permanent constituents of the cell that act as miniature “cell organs” and perform specific functions
Membraneous Organelles
Membraneous Organelles
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
Function of mitochondria
ATP synthesis
Mitochondria is ______ because it has its own genome.
Self replicating
Network of tubules, vesicles and sacs that are interconnected
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
Which ER is needed for making a tooth?
Rough ER
Functions of RER
- Protein synthesis
- Glycosylation
- Protein folding
Function of golgi apparatus
Packages and exports molecules
