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Public health (LHW) > Milk and dairy products > Flashcards

Milk and dairy products Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways epithelial cells in the mammary alveoli produce milk?

A

Synthesis - of milk fat, protein, lactose

Diffusion - of water, minerals, vitamins

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of milk secretion?

A

Merocrine
Holocrine
Apocrine

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3
Q

What type of milk secretion do cows do?

A

Merocrine

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4
Q

What type of milk secretion do goats do?

A

Holocrine and apocrine

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5
Q

What acid is a natural component of milk?

A

Citric acid

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6
Q

Which milk has a fat level of 0.1-0.3% and has a lower level of fat-soluble vitamins (particularly vitamin A)?

A

Skimmed milk

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7
Q

What milk is 1.5-1.8% fat?

A

Semi-skimmed milk

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8
Q

What milk is 3.5-4.5% fat?

A

Whole milk

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9
Q

What is milk homogenisation?

A

Forcing milk through small holes at high pressure to break fat globules
(prevents creamy layer)

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10
Q

What bacteria fermentationt milk to produce yoghurt?

A

Streptococcus
Lactibacillus
(By forming lactic acid)

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11
Q

What can cause an increased (more alkaline) pH of milk?

A

Stress

Decreased temperature

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12
Q

What can cause a decreased (more acidic) pH of milk?

A

Fermentation of lactose
Extensive lipolysis
Increasing temperature

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13
Q

How does a decrease in temperature alter milk pH?

A

Decrease temperature = increased pH

Inverted relationship

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14
Q

What is the average pH of milk?

A

6.4-6.8

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15
Q

Salt is added to dairy products for flavour and to increase shelf-life. Why does salt allow dairy products to be kept for longer?

A

Most bacteria prefer higher water activity

Salt decreases water activity

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16
Q

At what temperature does milk legally have to be kept at on the farm if it is collected daily?

A

<8 degrees C

17
Q

At what temperature does milk legally have to be kept at on the farm if it is NOT collected daily?

A

<6 degrees C

18
Q

At what temperature does milk legally have to be kept during transport?

A

<10 degrees C

19
Q

Milk is not required to be kept refrigerated if it is collected within how long after milking?

A

2 hours

20
Q

What is SCC and TVC?

A

Somatic cell count

TVC = total viable count (number of colonies per 1ml)

21
Q

Why should pregnant woman avoid non-pasteurised dairy products?

A

TB

Also leptospirosis

22
Q

Infectious agents may be found in dairy products due to contamination. At what stages in milk production can contamination occur?

A

During milking, processing or storage

23
Q

Give examples of contagious mastitis organisms

A

Staph aureus, coagulase -ve Staphs
Strep dysgalactiae and agalactiae
Corynebacterium bovis
Mycoplasma spp

24
Q

Give 3 examples of environmental mastitis pathogens

A

Streptococcus uberis
E. coli
Klebsiella spp

25
Q

Spoilage organisms can cause hydrolysis of milk. What physical changes may indicate milk spoilage?

A

Change in odour, texture, appearance, flavour

26
Q

What does the phosphatase test of milk assess?

A

Efficiency of pasteurisation

27
Q

What does peroxidase test of milk assess?

A

If hydrogen peroxide present in milk

28
Q

What does Resazurin test of milk assess?

A

If contaminated

29
Q

What does the pH and alcohol tests of milk assess?

A

If spoilage

30
Q

What is the Delvotest used to assess in milk?

A

Presence of antibacterial substances

31
Q

The Delvotest is used to assess presence of antibacterial substances, based on the inhibition of which bacteria?

A

Bacillus stearaothermophilus var calidolactis

32
Q

If wanting to check if milk is spoiled, what test should be used?

A

pH and alcohol tests

33
Q

If wanting to check if milk is contaminated, what test should be used?

A

Resazurin

34
Q

If wanting to check if there are antibacterial substances present in milk, what test should be used?

A

Delvotest

35
Q

If wanting to assess the level of pasteurisation of milk, what test should be used?

A

Phosphatase test

36
Q

The Delvotest shows what colour for a positive result, and what for negative?

A 
Positive = purple
Negative = yellow
37
Q

Can raw milk be sold in England?

A

Yes but not Scotland

Requires annual TB testing and other requirements

Public health (LHW) (22 decks)

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