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Esthetics > Milady Chapter 3: Physiology and Histology of the Skin Exam Review > Flashcards

Milady Chapter 3: Physiology and Histology of the Skin Exam Review Flashcards

Milady Textbook

1
Q

Name the layers of the epidermis from top to bottom

A

The answer is:

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Germinativum

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2
Q

Name the layers of the dermis from top to bottom

A

The answer is:

Papillary layer
Reticular Layer

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3
Q

This makes up 70% of the dermis

A

The answer is:

Collagen

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4
Q

What does the arrector pili muscle do?

A

The answer is:

Contract and cause goosebumps

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5
Q

What is the name of the fatty tissue in our subcutaneous layer?

A

The answer is:

Adipose

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6
Q

Define skin physiology

A

The answer is:

The study of the skins functions and structure

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7
Q

What is the difference between a pore and a follicle?

A

The answer is:

Pore: Tube like sweat glands
Follicle: Tube like glands in the epidermis

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8
Q

Which layer is called the “true skin”?

A

The answer is:

Dermis

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9
Q

List the 6 primary functions of the skin (PASSER)

A

The answer is:

Protection
Absorption
Secretion
Sensation
Excretion
Regulation

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10
Q

List the 3 layers of the skin from top to bottom

A

The answer is:

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous

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11
Q

How many layers does the epidermis have?

A

The answer is:

5

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12
Q

What is the sudoriferous gland?

A

The answer is:

Sweat

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13
Q

What’s the sebaceous gland?

A

The answer is:

Oil

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14
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is present only where the skin is thick, on the soles of the feet and palms of the hand?

A

The answer is:

Stratum lucidum

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15
Q

Which gland is attached to the hair follicle?

A

The answer is:

Sebaceous gland

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16
Q

What are pheomelanin and eumelanin?

A

The answer is:

Pheomelanin: Red to yellow
Eumelanin: Brown to black

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17
Q

The stratum cornium has how many layers of cells?

A

The answer is:

15-20

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18
Q

Name the layers of the dermis from top to bottom

A

The answer is:

Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer

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19
Q

What are the two types of nerves?

A

The answer is:

Efferin
Afferin

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20
Q

Why is UVB radiation also known as “burning rays?”

A. Burns paper upon direct exposure
B. Burns wood upon exposure
C. Wavelengths cause cancer and burning of the skin
D. Causes Genetic damage and cell death

A

The answer is C:

Wavelengths cause cancer and burning of the skin

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21
Q

What is not an element of the skins mantle?

A. Sebum
B. Blood
C. Lipids
D. Sweat

A

The answer is B:

Blood

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22
Q
  1. What causes injured skin to restore itself to its normal thickness?

A. Hyper-production of cells
B. Daily exposure to the sun
C. Gentle massage
D. Botox injections

A

The answer is A:

Hyper-production of cells

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23
Q

Histology is also known as?

A. Microscopic anatomy
B. The study of body structures
C. Physical Processes
D. Facial technology

A

The answer is A:

Microscopic Anatomy

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24
Q

Which is not a characteristic of healthy skin?

A. Moist
B. Smooth
C. Slightly rough
D. Somewhat acidic

A

The answer is C:

Slightly Rough

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25
Q

What are the most abundant in the fingertips, as opposed to other parts of the body?

A. Red blood cells
B. Lymph nodes
C. Sensory nerve fibers
D. White blood cells

A

The answer is C:

Sensory Nerve Fibers

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26
Q

What is the average internal temperature of the body in degrees Fahrenheit?

A. 37
B. 98.6
C. 96.8
D. 99.5

A

The answer is B:

98.6

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27
Q

Why does the body perspire?

A. To protect us from overheating
B. To protect us from freezing
C. To protect us from dehydration
D. To protect us from over-hydration

A

The answer is A:

To protect us from overheating

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28
Q

What are follicles?

A. Sweat gland openings
B. Tubelike openings in the epidermis
C. Tubelike openings in the muscles
D. Ingrown hair shafts

A

The answer is B:

Tubelike openings in the epidermis

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29
Q

What is glycation?

A. Fiberous, connective tissue made from protein
B. A white blood cell that has enzymes to digest and kill bacteria
C. The binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule
D. A chronic condition that appears primarily in the cheeks

A

The answer is C:

The binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule

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30
Q

What are hair papillae?

A. Ingrown hairs
B. Cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle
C. Shaved hairs
D. Membranes of ridges and grooves that attach the epidermis

A

The answer is B:

Cone-shaped elevations at the base of a follicle

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31
Q

Where in the body is hyaluronic acid found?

A. Hair
B. Skin
C. Kidney
D. Liver

A

The answer is B:

Skin

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32
Q

What is hydrolipidic film?

A. Salt-water balance that damages the skins surface
B. Oil-water balance that damages the skins surface
C. Salt-water balance that protects the skins surface
D. Oil-water balance that protects the skins surface

A

The answer is D:

Oil-water balance that protects the skins surface

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33
Q

What is the acid mantle?

A. Deposit left on the skin after the use of an acidic product
B. Protective layer of lipids and secretions on the skins surface
C. Reservoir of digestive juices located in the stomach
D. Deposit left on the skin after the use of an alkaline product

A

The answer is B:

Protective layer of lipids and secretions on the skins surface

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34
Q

Where in the body are the coiled structures known as apocrine glands found?

A. Mouth and nostrils
B. Underarm and genital areas
C. Eyes and ears
D. Lower back and inner knees

A

The answer is B:

Underarm and genital areas

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35
Q

What is the result of the contraction of the arrector pili muscle?

A. Penile erection
B. Excessive sweating
C. Gaseous discharge
D. Goosebumps

A

The answer is D:

Goosebumps

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36
Q

What are ceramides?

A. Glycolipid materials
B. Hydrolipid materials
C. Neurolipid materials
D. Psycholipid materials

A

The answer is A:

Glycolipid Materials

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37
Q

What is collagen?

A. Hardened keratinocyte
B. Fibrous tissue made from protein
C. Hydrating fluid found in the skin
D. Pigment-carrying granule

A

The answer is B:

Fibrous tissue made from protein

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38
Q

What are corneocytes?

A. Open comedones
B. Hardened keratinocytes
C. Closed comedones
D. Softened keratinocytes

A

The answer is B:

Hardened keratinocytes

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39
Q

What are membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis?

A. Follicular papillae
B. Dermal papillae
C. Epidermal papillae
D. Hair papillae

A

The answer is B:

Dermal papillae

40
Q

How fast does hair grow?

A. 3 inches per year
B. 6 inches per year
C. 8 inches per year
D. 12 inches per year

A

The answer is B:

6 inches per year

41
Q

What is oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and that lubricates both the skin and hair?

A. Lymph
B. Pus
C. Blood
D. Sebum

A

The answer is D:

Sebum

42
Q

What is the formal name for the horny layer?

A. Stratum Corneum
B. Stratum Spinosum
C. Stratum Granulosum
D. Stratum Lucidum

A

The answer is D:

Stratum Corneum

43
Q

What is the technical term for the nail?

A. Onyx
B. Papillae
C. Sebum
D. Lymph

A

The answer is A:

Onyx

44
Q

What is true of the stratum corneum

A. It is made of hardened sebum
B. It is the outermost layer of the skin
C. It is the innermost layer of the skin
D. It is devoid of corneocytes

A

The answer is B:

It is the outermost layer of the skin

45
Q

What happens in the stratum germinativum?

A. Desmosomes are dissolved
B. Cells divide
C. Cells release lipids, forming bilayers of oil and water
D. Desquamation occurs

A

The answer is B:

Cells divide

46
Q

What happens in the stratum granulosum?

A. Desmosomes are created
B. Langerhans immune cells protect the body
C. Keratin is produced
D. Fingerprints are formed

A

The answer is C:

Keratin is produced

47
Q

What part of the skin provides a protective cushion and energy storage for the body?

A. Epidermis
B. Subcutaneous layer
C. Dermis
D. Barrier function

A

The answer is B:

Subcutaneous layer

48
Q

What are the glands that excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body?

A. Sudoriferous
B. Thyroid
C. Hyperthyroid
D. Pituitary

A

The answer is A:

Sudoriferous

49
Q

What is telangiectasia?

A. Capillary wall dilation
B. Follicle damage
C. Aging
D. Poor nutrition

A

The answer is A:

Capillary wall dilation

50
Q

What causes transepidermal water loss?

A. Perspiration
B. Evaporation
C. Salivation
D. Secretion

A

The answer is B:

Evaporation

51
Q

What is the dermis?

A. Innermost layer of the skin
B. Outermost layer of the skin
C. Support layer above the epidermis
D. Support layer below the epidermis

A

The answer is D:

Support layer below the epidermis

52
Q

What nerves react to heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch?

A. Motor
B. Secretory
C. Sensory
D. Efferent

A

The answer is C:

Sensory

53
Q

What protein fiber is found in the dermis and gives skin its flexibility and firmness?

A. Collagen
B. Melanin
C. Keratin
D. Elastin

A

The answer is D:

Elastin

54
Q

What hormone stimulates cells to reproduce and heal?

A. Dermal stimulant factor (DSF)
B. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
C. Integumentary regulatory factor (IRF)
D. Integumentary manufacturing factor (IMF)

A

The answer is B:

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

55
Q

What is true of the epidermis?

A. It is the outermost layer of the skin
B. It is the innermost layer of the skin
C. It is below the dermis
D. It is below the subcutaneous layer

A

The answer is A:

It is the outermost layer of the skin

56
Q

What comprises about 50-70 percent of the skin?

A. Lymph
B. Water
C. Oil
D. Pus

A

The answer is B:

Water

57
Q

What causes the body to produce its own vitamin D?

A. Drinking orange juice
B. Exposure to the sun
C. Drinking a liter of water
D. Exposure to heat

A

The answer is B:

Exposure to sun

58
Q

What is not one of the six primary functions of the skin?

A. Heat regulation
B. Sensation
C. Absorption
D. Reflection

A

The answer is D:

Reflection

59
Q

When do free radicals produce more free radicals?

A. Before causing oxidation reactions
B. While causing oxidation reactions
C. Only when exposed to hydrogen
D. Only when exposed to carbon

A

The answer is B:

While causing oxidation reactions

60
Q

What function do the sudoriferous glands perform?

A. Assist in holding cells together
B. Excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body
C. Stimulate cells to reproduce and heal
D. Stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins

A

The answer is B:

Excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body

61
Q

Eccrine glands are?

A. Taste buds
B. Sweat glands
C. Goosebumps
D. Leukocytes

A

The answer is B:

Sweat glands

62
Q

_____ are the basic material and building blocks of the body tissues:

A. Proteins
B. Cells
C. Glands
D. Appendages

A

The answer is A:

Proteins

63
Q

What are sweat glands that are found all over the body with openings on the skins surface through pores and that are not attached to hair follicles?

A. Apocrine
B. Eccrine
C. Sebaceous
D. Sudoriferous

A

The answer is B:

Eccrine

64
Q

What function do sebaceous glands perform?

A. Protect the surface of the skin
B. Excrete perspiration and regulate body temperature
C. Produce skin pigment granules in the basal layer
D. Stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids

A

The answer is A:

Protect the surface of the skin

65
Q

Estheticians who specialize in the health and beauty of skin are sometimes referred to as?

A. Facialists
B. Anatomists
C. Histologists
D. Technicians

A

The answer is D:

Technicians

66
Q

Estheticians should be able to interpret the effects of which factor that influences skin health and appearance?

A. Hormones
B. Nutrition
C. Ultraviolet damage
D. All of the above

A

The answer is D:

All of the above

67
Q

What is an esthetician’s primary focus?

A. Preserve the skin
B. Protect the skin
C. Nourish the skin
D. All of the above

A

The answer is D:

All of the above

68
Q

What does scar tissue lack?

A. Melanin and elastin
B. Hair and sweat glands
C. Collagen and elastin
D. Hair and melanin

A

The answer is B:

Hair and sweat glands

69
Q

Estheticians should have a thorough understanding of the physiology and histology of the skin for all the following reasons EXCEPT to?

A. Understand how the skin and the other body parts work together
B. Understand the effects of ultraviolet (UV) damage, hormonal influences, and nutrition on skin health
C. Confidently treat the body to maintain optimum health
D. Be able to help clients choose hormone replacement therapy problems

A

The answer is D:

Be able to help clients choose hormone replacement therapy problems

70
Q

What percentage of hard B-keratin does hair contain?

A. 50 percent
B. 75 percent
C. 90 percent
D. 20 percent

A

The answer is C:

90 percent

71
Q

How is B-keratin different from A-keratin?

A. It breaks more easily than A-keratin
B. It has lower moisture and fat than A-keratin
C. It is softer than A-keratin
D. It flakes away more easily than A-keratin

A

The answer is B:

It has lower moisture and fat than A-keratin

72
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the nail plate?

A. It contains no nerves
B. It has many blood vessels
C. It is soft and thin
D. It is composed of A-keratin

A

The answer is A:

It contains no nerves

73
Q

If a person has a purple or bluish tone under their fingernails, then they mist likely have which condition?

A. Rosacea
B. Telangiectasia
C. Diabetes
D. Cyanosis

A

The answer is D:

Cyanosis

74
Q

Which nerves convey impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands?

A. Motor
B. Secretory
C. Sensory
D. Afferent

A

The answer is A:

Motor

75
Q

What are appendages of the skin?

A

The answer is

Hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands

76
Q

What are T-Cells and what do they do?

A

The answer is

Thymus Glands, they attack virus-infected cells, foreign cells and cancer cells.

77
Q

Describe squamous cells

A

The answer is

Flat and scaly

78
Q

What products suppress melanin production?

A

The answer is

Brightening agents or tyrosinase inhibitors

79
Q

Describe desquamation

A

The answer is

When keratinocytes continually shed from the skin

80
Q

What is intercellular cement made of?

A

The answer is

Ceramides

81
Q

What is TEWL? Describe it

A

The answer is

Transepidermal Water Loss

The water loss caused by evaporation on the skins surface

82
Q

95% of the epidermis is made of?

A

The answer is

Keratinocytes

83
Q

Describe cell turnover

A

The answer is

The process of desquamation and replacement

84
Q

What is the P.H. of the acid mantle?

A

The answer is

5.5

85
Q

The subcutaneous layer has what % of fat?

A

The answer is

80%

86
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer do?

A

The answer is

Creates a protective cushion that gives contour and smoothness to the body

87
Q

What is the reticular layer made of?

A

The answer is

Collagen and elastin

88
Q

What does the papillary layer do?

A

The answer is

Connects the dermis to the epidermis

89
Q

The papillary layer comprises ___% of the dermis

A

The answer is

10 to 20 %

90
Q

What is UVA radiation?

A

The answer is

Aging rays

91
Q

What is UVB radiation?

A

The answer is

Burning rays

92
Q

What is HEV light?

A

The answer is

High-energy visible light

93
Q

Which layer of the epidermis does this describe?

  1. Outermost layer of the epidermis
  2. Very thin yet waterproof and permeable
  3. Regenerates itself
  4. Detoxifies the body and responds to stimuli
A

The answer is

Stratum Corneum

94
Q

Which layer of the epidermis does this describe?

  1. Thin, clear layer of dead skin cells under the stratum corneum
  2. Translucent layer made of small cells that let light pass through
  3. Thickest on palms of hands and soles of feet
A

The answer is

Stratum Lucidum

95
Q

Which layer of the epidermis does this describe?

  1. Composed of cells that resemble granules and are filled with keratin
  2. The production of keratin and intercellular lipids takes place here
  3. Enzymes dissolve desmosomes
  4. Natural moisturizing substances are made here
A

The answer is

Stratum Granulosum

96
Q

Which layer of the epidermis does this describe?

  1. Cells continue to divide and change shape
  2. Enzymes are creating lipids and proteins
  3. Cell appendages become desmosomes
  4. Langerhans immune cells are found here
A

The answer is

Stratum Spinosum

97
Q

Which layer of the epidermis does this describe?

  1. Stem cells undergo continuous cell division to replenish the skin cells that shed from the surface
  2. Produce necessary lipids that form cell membranes and hold cells together
  3. Merkel cells (sensory cells) are touch receptors also located here
  4. Contains melanocytes
A

The answer is

Stratum germinativum

Esthetics (15 decks)

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