migration, identity and sovereignty eq3 Flashcards
when was the UN established
the worlds first IGO in 1945
role of the UN
-maintaining international peace and security
-promoting sustainable development
-protecting human rights
-upholding international law
-delivering aid
what is the security council
The Security Council is responsible for keeping international peace and security, and resolving conflicts that may threaten that peace
The five permanent members are:
-France
-The UK
-The USA
-Russian Federation
-People’s Republic of China
sanctions the un can take
-trade embargo-authorise sanctions to reduce a nation’s ability to trade
-arms embargo- restriction on trade of weapons
-freeze assets or restrict travel for individuals to any UN member state- usually military leaders or war lords responsible for fuelling conflict
-can refer situations to a special court to be charged on war crime- eg. rwandan PM during genocide sentenced to life
iran trade embargo
-iran was attempting to build nuclear weapons
-UN imposed trade sanctions
when was the WB,WTO and IMF set up
bretton woods 1944
how is the UN funded
all members are required to make payments- USA is the biggest contributor however trump has raised questions on how much USA will contribute now due to cuts on foreign aid spending
how many members in the UN
193
purpose of IMF and WB
global financial stability and global development
purpose of WTO
promote global trade by reducing barriers
what are SAPs
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) are economic policies imposed by the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank on developing countries as a
condition for receiving loans or debt relief
benefits of SAPs
-SAPs typically involve measures such as privatisation and devaluing currency to help economic growth
-aim to attract FDI by reucing trade barriers and stablilizing economy
challenges of SAPs
-Reduced public spending on health, education, and social services, leading to
increased poverty, inequality, and human
suffering.
- Loss of sovereignty, as the IMF and the World Bank dictate the economic agenda of the borrower countries. e.g- saps contributed to economic collapse in Argentina
-Increased social unrest and political instability, as the population protests against the harsh measures and their negative consequences.
HIPC
-HIPCs are a group of 39 low-income countries that qualify for debt relief from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
-HIPC policies aim to reduce the debt burden of these countries and free up resources for poverty reduction
benefits of HIPC
-Reduced debt service payments and increased space for public spending on health, education, infrastructure and other
sectors.
jamaicas SAP
Started in 1977 when Jamaica signed its first Agreement with the IMF to address the country’s debt crisis
On the one hand, it helped to reduce inflation, debt reduction and stabilise the exchange rate, On the other hand, it also contributed to high unemployment, poverty, inequality, social unrest due to austerity cuts
new development bank
the new development bank was established In 2015 by the BRICS as an alternative to IGOS such as IMF and WB.
This was created to make more voting powers as the WB and IMFs voting powers are dominated by US and European countries, this means the countries in the new development bank can use it to their advantage and negotiate to their advantage therefore partly retaining sovereignty.
However an issue with the new development bank is that there are on going tensions between the BRIC nations such as india and china border disputes and also the new development bank has a much smaller capital base than other IGOs which may make it unfavorable.
Montreal protocol 1987
- in 1985, the ozone theory was proven, when a ‘hole in the ozone layer’ was discovered over Antarctica
- An agreement was signed two years later and entered into force in 1989
-the agreement regulates the production and consumption of nearly 100 ozone depleting substances - It is expected that the ozone layer will be fully recovered by 2070
COP 21
-Held in Paris in 2015 and resulted in a legally binding international treaty on climate change, The Agreement requires countries to submit their national climate action plans.
-Critics of the Paris Agreement argue that pledges to reduce carbon emissions are not
enough and cannot be enforced
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
an international legal treaty that establishes the legal framework for the use and management of the world’s oceans and marine resources.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
CITES is a treaty to protect endangered plants and animals from the threats
of international trade
It lists 40,000 species of animals and plants
However, protection of species from illegal trade is difficult to manage as goods typically cross borders between countries which requires international cooperation and is expensive to monitor
eg. China still trades in illegal ivory and rhino horn for traditional medicines
antartic treaty system
The Antarctic Treaty System is a set of international agreements that regulate human activity in Antarctica to ensure that the continent is used for peaceful purposes and that its environment is preserved.
military use is strictly prohibited.
