Migration , Identity, Sovereignty EQ2 Flashcards
`What is a nation states?
a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united by factors that define a nation
What does nationalism?
identification with one’s own nation + support for its interests especially to the exclusion or determent of the interests of other nations
What does sovereignty mean?
ability of a place + people to self-govern without outside influence
How are borders decided?
history-eg. colonalisation of Africa, eg. beigium created as a buffer state between Catholic France and the Protestant Netherland
-natural borders - eg. niagra between canada and USA
-decided by governments through treaties
What was the Berlin Conference?
Where the borders of Africa were drawn by mutual European consent based on the interests of Europeans
What were the problems of the Berlin conference?
Was toxic as Europeans favoured one ethnicity over another
What is an example of borders caused by colonialism?
Rwanda
What are/were the problems with Rwanda’s borders?
-Originally problems resolved through council of elders both Hutu and Tusi populations
-Germany established rule, Belgium took over and favoured the Tutsi minority
Gained independence in 1962- Hutus rebelled
Tutsis fled due to tutsi genocide
What is an example of conflict over borders?
Ukraine
Why is there conflict over Ukraine borders?
-Globally recognised borders since 1991
-ukraine Gave up nuclear weapons to russia under the budapest memoradum in exchange for security - russia has breached starting with invading crimea and the invading ukraine in 2022
-Russia justifies invasion by claiming ethnic Russians face discrimination
What is a state?
Independent political entity with clear geographical boundaries
Why was there a growth in nationalism in the 19th century?
due to the growth of empires and imperial colonalism
What is an example of nationalism in the 19th century?
french revolution
What happened during the French revolution?
-citizens redesigned the country political system changing old systems like the feudal system
-French taught across the country instead of local dialects and equal laws
Napoleon harnessed unified nation
What is an example of growth of nationalism in Europe lead to conflict?
British Raj in India
How did British rule shape Indian nationalism?
-Before India became part of the British Empire, it was divided into several kingdoms
-Opposition to rule of the ‘British Raj’ in India led to uniting many Indians together despite cultural and ethnic differences in order to escape economic conditions
-india granted independance afterWW2 due to resources and economy in britain being too weak
What is the wind of change?
refers to wave of african states gaining independance,
Some of this change occurred as Germany, Italy, Spain and Japan lost territory after the Second World War, in others it was due to hatred of colonial rule or because of the sheer costs involved in overseeing a colony
What is a tax haven?
A tax haven is a country or territory where taxes are very low or non-existent, making it attractive for individuals and businesses to park their wealth or profits in order to avoid paying higher taxes in their home countries.
How do tax havens operate?
facilitate + encourage uneven distribution of wealth/capital in favour of TNCs, developed nations and the wealthy elite
What is an example of a tax haven?
Cayman Islands
What are the facts about the Cayman Islands?
-The Cayman Islands are a British Overseas Territory, meaning they are under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom but have their own government. The UK is responsible for defense and foreign affairs, while local governance is managed by the Cayman Islands government.
-0% personal income tax
-holds $1.5 trillion in assets
What are positive views for tax havens?
TNCs can shift profits from higher-tax countries to low or no-tax jurisdictions.
-Companies like Apple, Google, and Amazon have been criticized for using tax havens to lower their tax rates.
-Governments of tax haven countries, which benefit from the influx of financial activity due to their low tax rates and secrecy laws.
What are the negative views on tax havens?
-TNCs avoid 35% corporate tax meaning country receives less money
-governments in high-tax
jurisdictions may attempt to regulate or crack down on tax haven practices to prevent tax avoidance and ensure that corporations and wealthy individuals pay a fair share of taxes.
-widens the development gap
The European Union has taken steps to blacklist tax havens
What is free market capitalism?
services and production are privatised with little to no government intervention
What did Bolivia do to help grow its economy and to take back sovereignty ?
nationalised services/ took back control of gas and oil sectors
reduced exports -manufactured materials first instead of selling raw materials
redistributed wealth to peasant classes
What impact did nationalisation have on Bolivia?
improved healthcare, education + pensions
reduced wealth inequalities
windrush generation
After the Second World War, Britain was in need of workers to rebuild its economy, the government actively sought migrants from across the British Empire, particularly from the Caribbean, India, and other parts of the Commonwealth. many worked in transport and healthcare
how was bolivia not in line with neoliberalism
-Neoliberal economic policies emphasize the privatization of state-owned enterprises and the reduction of state intervention in the economy.
-Neoliberal policies often involve cutbacks in public spending and austerity measures to reduce government debt.
