Tectonics EQ3 Flashcards
Why has number of disasters increased significantly since 1960?
Increased population: more people likely impacted by
Increased monitoring and reporting means more are recorded
What has happened to number of tectonic disasters?
Fluctuated but generally remained steady
Earthquakes increased slightly but due to dense population it affects more people
What has happened to number of people affected?
It’s increased as population increased
More people living in prone regions
Development level slightly reduces number
What has happened to the number of deaths?
Decreased since 1960
Fluctuates- magnitude, location, level of development
Decreased because: increased building design, increased preparation, increased education and warning systems
What has happened to the level of economic impacts?
Economic cost has increased, increased development increases cost of repairs and rebuild
Increased wealth = more possessions meaning more property damage
What are the problems with data about disasters?
Cannot tell if they are primary or secondary effects that caused deaths
Remote areas often go unrecorded
Subject to political bias
Hard to collect during disaster
What are the problems with data about disasters?
Cannot tell if they are primary or secondary effects that caused deaths
Remote areas often go unrecorded
Subject to political bias
Hard to collect during disaster
What is a multiple hazard zone?
Regions or parts of the world that are exposed to a range of hazards
Examples of multiple hazard zones
Philippines: western edge of ring of fire on convergent boundary (earthquakes + volcanoes), vulnerable to tsunamis as in western pacific
What is a mega-disaster?
A high magnitude, high impact, infrequent disaster that affects several countries directly or indirectly
Example of mega disaster
Icelandic eruption
Disruption for several weeks
No flights to Europe with fresh food
Airlines lost over 100 million per day
Why can earthquakes not be predicted?
Only area of high risk can be identified as not got the technology
Seismic gaps suggest it could happen in the near future
How can volcanoes be predicted?
Measure changes in tilt as ground rises as magma chamber fills
Gas monitoring
Help create minimal impacts of have time to react
Can earthquakes be forecasted?
Yes- they travel along fault lines so could forecast where it is next meant to occur not very accurate tho
Can volcanic eruptions be forecasted?
Yes but exact magnitude is hard to forecast
Geological evidence provides type and extent of future eruptions
What are the 4 stages of the hazard management cycle
Response
Recovery
Mitigation
Preparedness
What does response mean on the hazard management cycle
Immediate aid, temporary camps, food and water
What does recovery mean on the hazard management cycle?
Reconstruct
Help people move back to rehabilitate people and lives
Stage varies in length
What does mitigation mean on the hazard management cycle
Reducing impacts for the next time
Such as building back safer buildings
What does preparedness mean on the hazard management cycle?
Being ready for future plans
Evacuation plans
Enforcing building codes
Education
Better monitoring
What are the 4 stages on the park response curve?
Pre disaster
Relief
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
What is the aim of the park response curve
To show the effects of a hazard on the quality of life over a sequence of time
What does modifying the cause mean?
Possible to prevent secondary hazards from happening
Impossible to stop earthquakes or volcanic eruptions at present
What are 4 ways to modify the event?
Land-use Zoning
Engineering defences
Lava diversion
Hazard resistant design
What does land-use zoning mean?
Leaving areas unbuilt on that are high risk to remove vulnerability and damage
Eg christchurch
What does engineering defences mean?
Eg tsunami walls
Building structures to withstand the effects of hazard
What does hazard resistance design mean?
Earthquake proof design to reduce chance of building collapsing
Eg Tokyo
What does lava diversion mean?
Diverting flows elsewhere by building walls and barriers to disrupt flow
What are the 2 ways to modify the vulnerability?
Hi-tech monitoring and prediction
Education and community preparedness
What is hi-tech monitoring and prediction
Predicting, forecasts, warnings, landuse planning
What are the advantages and disadvantages of hi-tech monitoring?
Advantages: eruption possible to predict, warnings can save lives
Disadvantages: costly to develop, doesn’t prevent damage
What does education and community preparedness mean?
Locals coming together educate to increase awareness, community planning, evac bags
What are the advantages and disadvantages of education and community preparedness
Advantages: low cost, implemented by NGOs, saves lives with small actions
Disadvantages: hard in rural areas, property damage not prevented
What are 3 ways to modify the loss
Emergency response
Short/ long term aid
Insurance
What does emergency response mean?
Emergency relief aid
Shelters
Food and water
Health care
Rescue teams
What does short and long term aid include
Development aid- long term to help rebuild
Land use planning
Crisis mapping
What does insurance include?
Large or small insurance to reduce e financial stress
NGO help
