Migration, Identity, Sovereignty EQ1 Flashcards
Define Migration
movement of people from one place to another, either in a country or internationally can be permenant or temporary
Define Identity
sense of attachment to a place in which they live
can be country, region, city or village
Define Sovereignty
control over a country’s own laws + regulations
What is the percentage of growth of international migration since 2000?
50%
What are the pull factors for rural to urban migration in China?
better jobs
better pay
better education
rising labour demand
more developed
consistent opportunities
What are the push factors for rural to urban migration in China?
lack of income
lack of resources
lack of access to services
What is the Hukou system?
it is a household registration system to restrict internal migration
What are the issues of the Hukou system?
hard to change official residence to new location
need a permit to be registered- expensive
without permit workers earn less and have no entitlement to services, causing illegal settlements
causes women and children to remain in rural areas
pressure on transport system during public holiday
What is the Schengen Zone?
abolished many internal border controls
area of passport free movement across most EU member states
How many members are there for the Schengen agreement?
26
22 EU members, 4 non EU states
( Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Liechtenstein)
What are the benefits of the Schengen Agreement?
helped fill job vacancies
14million EU citizens live in another member state
What are the benefits of Polish Migration to the UK?
stops ageing population
brings wide range of skills + cheaper
contributes to economic growth- £2.5bill each year
80% migrants 18-35 - combats ageing pop
What are the negatives of Polish Migrants to the UK?
tensions between local population + migrants
services under pressure
property prices increasing due to demand increase
money sent out of the country back to Poland-remittance
Why are international migrant rates low in Japan?
strict immigration policies
prioritising cultural homogeneity
What are some of the problems international migrants face in Japan?
have no legal protection
little language, education and cultural support
What is Sweden’s views on international migration?
previously most generous to asylum seekers
recent change due to increase in gang violence
What are Sweden’s new views on international migration?
stricter citizen requirements
increased salary thresholds
voluntary reparations ( paying people to return to country of origin)
Australia’s policy on international migration?
points based system
prioritises skilled labour
high refugee intake= 20,000 a year
temporary work visas
annual limits set for overall + specific migrants (71% skilled, 28% family)
What are the factors that cause international migration to change in the future?
wars
internal global shift
2008 financial crash
job avaliability
climate change
political factors eg. reform uk less migration into uk
What are the affects of mass migration from Syria in 2015?
-many migrants due to conflicts
-many from less developed nations
-Destinations: Greece + Balkans before travelling to Germany, Sweden + UK
-tensions in EU states in terms of amounts of
-refugees taken in
contributed to BREXIT
How is economic efficiency is maximised?
maximised when goods, capital + labour can freely move across international borders
-Govs make decisions to facilitate: trade blocs, deregulation of financial market,migration policy
the Eu free trade, deregulated financial market and open borders creates a strong competitive economy
What does free movement of people mean?
people able to move for work ensuring labour demands are met + movement is unrestricted
occurs in almost all countries
benefits country’s economy but have regional negatives such as young people leaving rural areas
What are the regional trends of internal migration?
-high rates of internal migration in uk
majority move to neighbouring local authorities
49,220 moved from england to scotland
london has the highest turn over of people
What is an ethnic enclave?
clusters of a particular ethnic group living in a distinct community
What is ethnic segregation?
voluntary or enforced separation of people into different cultures or nationalities
What is assimilation?
integration of an immigrant group into lifestyle + culture of a host country
What are the pros of assimilation?
maintains national identity
prevents cultural erosion
What are the cons of assimilation?
loss of migrants culture
What are the factors that could affect rates of assimilation?
Level of education - affects Ability to find a job
age-younger migrants will have exposure through school network
Language ability
Bi-cultural marriages
type of migration- voluntary migrants more likely to want to assimulate
What problems does Japan have with lack of international migrants?
only welcome skilled workers, intern programmes
no long term settlement
changed attitude due to ageing pop
restrictive policy 2.7% migrants
59% positive public attitude
What are the social tensions of migration?
-In some areas, migrant communities cluster, which can lead to segregation and pressure on housing, education, and healthcare in the area.
-Example: Bradford riots (2001) linked to racial tensions and segregation between white and South Asian communities.
-Fear of loss of British identity or changing cultural norms.
-rise in hate crimes fuels distrust between migrants and host country
-rise in anti immigrant political parties- fuels hate crimes, makes them feel unwanted, legitimates any anti immigrant views
What are the economic tensions of migration?
-Perception that migrants “take jobs” or lower wages.
Reality: Migrants often fill skill shortages (e.g. NHS, agriculture).
The impacts on the UK + the Windrush?
-a labour shortage after WW2 sparked mass immigration from carribean which tranformed makeup of britain
-lots of racism and discrimination
signs in pubs that said ‘no Irish, no blacks’ - nottinghill 1958 white people attacked black residents
-white british workers felt threatened
floating population-hukou system
-hukou migrant without local residency rights are also called the ‘floating population’
-These migrants have no access to healthcare, workers’ rights etc. in urban areas
-240milion as of 2020
political tensions of migration
-Rise of anti-immigration parties (e.g. UKIP).
-Ongoing debate about controlling borders and limiting immigration post-Brexit between parties.
mexico/us migration
-mexican migrants strugle to assimulate-increased tensions
-mexican migrants mean Wages are kept low, and all low skilled American workers are affected
-Large numbers of Mexicans have brought their culture and food with them making Mexican food very popular in California
how did uk gain sovereignty when left EU
By leaving the EU, the UK did regain more control over its domestic laws and borders, particularly concerning areas like immigration, trade policies.
however the UK remains bound by a range of international agreements and treaties. For example, the UK is still a member of international bodies like the United Nations, the World Trade Organization (WTO), NATO, and others. These international institutions can influence UK law and policies.
the terms of trade deals with the EU and other countries still have implications on UKs sovereignty, as it must adhere to agreed-upon standards and conditions in these deals.
