Migration and Gloablisation

Question 1

Define immigration

Answer 1

Movement into a country or area

Question 2

Define migration:

Answer 2

Movement of people from one area to another

Question 3

Define emmigration

Answer 3

Movement out of a country or area

Question 4

What was the migration pattern in 1950-1970s?

Answer 4

Immigration from Black and Asian commonwealth encouraged to solve labour shortage in unskilled, low wage jobs.

Question 5

What happened in 2020 that affected migration patterns?

Answer 5

BREXIT - controlled number of EU migrants who can enter UK, does not affect other migrants from other countries

Question 6

How has migration of Asians affected britain?

Answer 6

Increased birth rate - more fertile years, marry early

Question 7

What are PUSH factors for migration?

Answer 7

Poverty
Low living standard
Recession
Unemployment
Lack of opportunities
Wars

Question 8

What are PULL factors for migration?

Answer 8

job opportunities
education
higher living standard
political freedom
joining relatives

Question 9

Define net migration

Answer 9

Total number of people leaving in proportion to total number of people entering

Question 10

Why can’t Britain cope with migration?

Answer 10

2020 = 313,000 net increase

Not enough housing
NHS collapse
Job shortages
Racism increase/more hate crimes

Question 11

What is population size and age influenced by?

Answer 11

Natural change (births and deaths) and migration (net)

Question 12

How does the media create a moral panic?

Answer 12

Uses words like ‘swarming’

Question 13

What has globalisation led to?

Answer 13

Increased international migration

Question 14

What are the trends in global migration?

Answer 14

Acceleration
Differentiation
Feminisation of Migration

Question 15

Explain acceleration of migration:

Answer 15

Rate of migration sped up

2000-2013 international migration increased by 33%

Question 16

Explain differentiation of migration:

Answer 16

Globalisation is increasing diversity of types of migrants e.g. students, permanent settlers, temporary workers, spouses etc

Question 17

What does Vertovic believe?

Answer 17

Experiencing ‘super-diversity’
migrants come from wider range of countries and vary in legal status, religion, culture and location.

Question 18

What are the class differences Cohen note in migrants?

Answer 18

1. CITIZENS - full citizenship rights and welfare, can vote. Taxed, helps dependency ratio. MUST PASS CITIZENSHIP TEST
2. Denizens - privileged foreign nationals, welcomed by state due to economic input - INCREASE HOUSE CRISIS BUT CAN CREATE COMPANIES AND JOBS. don’t pay tax
3. HELOTS - slaves, most exploited migrants, disposable units of labour - cheap pay, below min. wage. INCREASE IN CRIME

Question 19

What is the feminisation of migration?

Answer 19

Almost half of migrants are female - referred to as globalisation of gender division of labour.

Female migrants able to fit into patriarchal stereotypes and take on roles such as carers and prostitution

Question 20

What do EHRENREICH AND HOCHSCHILD say about migration?

Answer 20

Care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries is carried out by women from poor countries.

Question 21

What is the global transfer of emotional services?

Answer 21

migrants leave their own children behind to take up nanny duties for Western couples.

Migrant women become ‘mail-order brides’ or illegally trafficked sex workers

Question 22

What type of identity do migrants adopt?

Answer 22

HYBRID IDENTITIES - mixture of identities from different cultures.

Creates tension in society with migrants being accused of not fitting in.

Question 23

What did Eriksen say about identities?

Answer 23

Increase in transnational identities - migrants who have back and fourth movements rather than permanent settlement.

Less likely to belong to country or culture so hold no loyalty.

Question 24

What are 2 state policies on migration?

Answer 24

Assimilation

Multiculturalism

Question 25

What is the ASSIMILATION policy?

Answer 25

aimed to encourage migrants to adopt language, values, customs of host culture.

Question 26

What are issues with assimilation?

Answer 26

Those with hybrid identities are unwilling to assimilate and show loyalty.

Question 27

What does CASTLES state about assimilation policies?

Answer 27

They label minority groups as the other and backwards - lead to migrant minorities emphasising their differences which creates tensions - marginalisation.

Question 28

What is the MULTICULTURALISM policy?

Answer 28

Accepts that migrants may wish to retain a separate identity in addition to host identity

Question 29

What are issues with the MULTICULTURALISM policy?

Answer 29

Only celebrate shallow diversity and fails to address deeper problems such as racism

Question 30

What does ERIKSEN say is an issue with multiculturalism policies?

Answer 30

Government accepts superficial diversity more than stronger types of cultural identity

e.g. shallow diversity - food such as tikka masala is acceptable to share
deep diversity - cultural/religious customs (veiling, arranged marriages) are unacceptable

Question 31

What issues are raised by immigration?

Answer 31

Creates culturally diverse society - greater diversity

Mixing of larger groups of culture

Media creates more moral panics

Creates racism and stereotypes

Question 32

Identify 3 ways migration may impact UK population structure:

Answer 32

Affects size of population - increasing annually due to high net migration, natural increases (births exceeding deaths)

Affects UK age structure - lowers average age of UK population. Immigrants are generally younger lowering average passport age, as well as being more fertile

Affects dependency ratio - immigrants likely to be working age, reducing ratio.
Have more babies - immediately increases ratio but will join labour force and lower it.