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Family > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

1
Q

Define an ageing population:

A

Average age of population is getting higher with greater % of population older than retirement age.

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2
Q

What are the reasons for an ageing population?

A

Decline in fertility rates and increase in life expectancy.

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3
Q

Give a 2016 statistic on the ageing population:

A

by 2016 there will be more 65+ than those under 16

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4
Q

Give consequences of ageing population on elderly individuals:

A

Mental health issues - lonely
Get to retire - more free time
Time to re-marry and find pure relationship
See grandkids more
Loss of status

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5
Q

Give consequences of ageing population on family:

A

free childcare - grandparents

Feel grandparents are a burden if they need caring for

Create greater bond with family

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6
Q

Consequences of ageing population on society:

A

Greater dependency ratio

Get involved with charities and volunteering

Cannot afford state pension

More likely to need tax

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7
Q

How does an ageing population affect the dependency ratio?

A

Increases it - less working people, less people paying tax, more people using free public services

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8
Q

What is happening to the UK population?

A

Population is increasing, birth rate declining - immigration rates

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9
Q

What was the birth rate in 2012?

A

12.2

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10
Q

What does TFR mean?

A

Total Fertility Rate - average number of children woman has in her fertile years.
NOT HOUSEHOLD SIZE

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11
Q

Why is there a decrease in TFR?

A

Feminisation of economy
Change in girls ambitions
Lifestyle means less time for kids
Child-centredness
lower mortality rate

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12
Q

What is the average family size in 2018?

A

1.89 kids per woman

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13
Q

What has lead to increased proportion of one child families?

A

Living cost increases
Average cost of a kid until 18 is 250,000£

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14
Q

What happened in 2020/21?

A

Baby boom - surge in births

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15
Q

Define Birth Rate:

A

Number of live births per 1000 of population every year

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16
Q

What is the correlation between birth rate and population rate?

A

Long-term decline in birth rate but increase in population rate - migration

17
Q

What % of women who were 45 in 2018 were childless?

A

19%

18
Q

How has a change in women’s position led to a decline in birth rate?

A

Legal equality with men - equal pay.

Increased educational opportunity

Change in girls attitudes

Easier access to contraception and abortions.

19
Q

What did Harper say about the education of women?

A

It is the most important factor of long-term fall in birth and fertility

20
Q

How has a decline in Infant Mortality Rate led to a decrease in birth rate

A

1900s - parents had money to compensate and replace those who died - kids were economic assets - could be sent to work.

Modern society - IMR declined, less money to have kids so decline in birth rate - lots of kids causes economic burden.

21
Q

How has kids becoming economic liability led to a decrease in birth rate?

A

Laws have banned child labour and introduced compulsary education - become economically dependent on their parents.

Financial pressures led to less willingness to have kids.

22
Q

How has child-centredness led to a decline in birth rate?

A

Parents want to enjoy watching kids grow up and be apart of their lives - led to shift of quantity over quality.

Fewer kids, more money and time to spend on them.

23
Q

How has changing fertility rates affected the dependency ratio?

A

Immediately - negative effect on ratio - not working so burden on tax payers.

Long-term - positive effect - more tax payers

24
Q

What are the reasons for IMR remaining high for black and Asian babies?

A

language barriers - poor communication between parent/doctor

Internalised racism - sub-consciously spending more time with white babies

25
Q

Give a statistic on ethnic women and childbirth:

A

Black and Asian women are 5/3 times more likely to die during pregnancy or childbirth.

26
Q

Why must we treat current death stats with caution?

A

Increase in deaths because of covid.

27
Q

What are the 6 main reasons why there has been a decrease in death rate and IMR:

A

Medical improvements

Eradication of disease

Smoking & diets

Other social changes

Public health measures

Improved nutrition

28
Q

How has eradication of disease led to a decline in DR and IMR?

A

1800-1970 = fall in number of infectious diseased

Vaccines created to prevent disease.

Diseases were often due to poor living conditions

LIVING CONDITIONS IMPROVED WHICH LED TO DISEASES OF AFFLUENCE - cancer and heart disease - caused by eating expensive foods such as red meat.

29
Q

How has improved nutrition led to a decline in DR and IMR?

A

Better resistance to infection

Helped with other medical conditions that caused people to die early

30
Q

How has medical improvements led to a decline in DR and IMR?

A

1948 - NHS - free at point of need

Advances such as antibiotics, immunisations, defibs, bypass surgery etc

COVID CAME QUICK SO DIDN’T HAVE MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS TO AVOID DEATHS

31
Q

How has smoking and disease led to a decline in DR and IMR?

A

Reduction in smokers - seen as deviant.

2007 - illegal to smoke inside public building

Rise in e-cigs/vapes

SMOKING REPLACED WITH OBESITY

32
Q

How has public health measures led to a decline in DR and IMR?

A

Improvements in housing

Purer drinking water

Laws for food safety

Improved sewage system

33
Q

How has other social changes led to a decline in DR and IMR?

A

Decline in manual jobs

Smaller families - reduce rate of infection

Greater knowledge about causes of disease

Higher incomes - afford healthier lifestyle

34
Q

What is the average life expectancy in 2013?

A

Males = 90.7
Females = 94

35
Q

Why do women live longer?

A

Men more likely to take on manual jobs/riskier jobs

Men are more impulsive/wreckless

Men less likely to ask for medical advice

36
Q
A

Family (19 decks)

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