Demography Flashcards
Define an ageing population:
Average age of population is getting higher with greater % of population older than retirement age.
What are the reasons for an ageing population?
Decline in fertility rates and increase in life expectancy.
Give a 2016 statistic on the ageing population:
by 2016 there will be more 65+ than those under 16
Give consequences of ageing population on elderly individuals:
Mental health issues - lonely
Get to retire - more free time
Time to re-marry and find pure relationship
See grandkids more
Loss of status
Give consequences of ageing population on family:
free childcare - grandparents
Feel grandparents are a burden if they need caring for
Create greater bond with family
Consequences of ageing population on society:
Greater dependency ratio
Get involved with charities and volunteering
Cannot afford state pension
More likely to need tax
How does an ageing population affect the dependency ratio?
Increases it - less working people, less people paying tax, more people using free public services
What is happening to the UK population?
Population is increasing, birth rate declining - immigration rates
What was the birth rate in 2012?
12.2
What does TFR mean?
Total Fertility Rate - average number of children woman has in her fertile years.
NOT HOUSEHOLD SIZE
Why is there a decrease in TFR?
Feminisation of economy
Change in girls ambitions
Lifestyle means less time for kids
Child-centredness
lower mortality rate
What is the average family size in 2018?
1.89 kids per woman
What has lead to increased proportion of one child families?
Living cost increases
Average cost of a kid until 18 is 250,000£
What happened in 2020/21?
Baby boom - surge in births
Define Birth Rate:
Number of live births per 1000 of population every year
What is the correlation between birth rate and population rate?
Long-term decline in birth rate but increase in population rate - migration
What % of women who were 45 in 2018 were childless?
19%
How has a change in women’s position led to a decline in birth rate?
Legal equality with men - equal pay.
Increased educational opportunity
Change in girls attitudes
Easier access to contraception and abortions.
What did Harper say about the education of women?
It is the most important factor of long-term fall in birth and fertility
How has a decline in Infant Mortality Rate led to a decrease in birth rate
1900s - parents had money to compensate and replace those who died - kids were economic assets - could be sent to work.
Modern society - IMR declined, less money to have kids so decline in birth rate - lots of kids causes economic burden.
How has kids becoming economic liability led to a decrease in birth rate?
Laws have banned child labour and introduced compulsary education - become economically dependent on their parents.
Financial pressures led to less willingness to have kids.
How has child-centredness led to a decline in birth rate?
Parents want to enjoy watching kids grow up and be apart of their lives - led to shift of quantity over quality.
Fewer kids, more money and time to spend on them.
How has changing fertility rates affected the dependency ratio?
Immediately - negative effect on ratio - not working so burden on tax payers.
Long-term - positive effect - more tax payers
What are the reasons for IMR remaining high for black and Asian babies?
language barriers - poor communication between parent/doctor
Internalised racism - sub-consciously spending more time with white babies
Give a statistic on ethnic women and childbirth:
Black and Asian women are 5/3 times more likely to die during pregnancy or childbirth.
Why must we treat current death stats with caution?
Increase in deaths because of covid.
What are the 6 main reasons why there has been a decrease in death rate and IMR:
Medical improvements
Eradication of disease
Smoking & diets
Other social changes
Public health measures
Improved nutrition
How has eradication of disease led to a decline in DR and IMR?
1800-1970 = fall in number of infectious diseased
Vaccines created to prevent disease.
Diseases were often due to poor living conditions
LIVING CONDITIONS IMPROVED WHICH LED TO DISEASES OF AFFLUENCE - cancer and heart disease - caused by eating expensive foods such as red meat.
How has improved nutrition led to a decline in DR and IMR?
Better resistance to infection
Helped with other medical conditions that caused people to die early
How has medical improvements led to a decline in DR and IMR?
1948 - NHS - free at point of need
Advances such as antibiotics, immunisations, defibs, bypass surgery etc
COVID CAME QUICK SO DIDN’T HAVE MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS TO AVOID DEATHS
How has smoking and disease led to a decline in DR and IMR?
Reduction in smokers - seen as deviant.
2007 - illegal to smoke inside public building
Rise in e-cigs/vapes
SMOKING REPLACED WITH OBESITY
How has public health measures led to a decline in DR and IMR?
Improvements in housing
Purer drinking water
Laws for food safety
Improved sewage system
How has other social changes led to a decline in DR and IMR?
Decline in manual jobs
Smaller families - reduce rate of infection
Greater knowledge about causes of disease
Higher incomes - afford healthier lifestyle
What is the average life expectancy in 2013?
Males = 90.7
Females = 94
Why do women live longer?
Men more likely to take on manual jobs/riskier jobs
Men are more impulsive/wreckless
Men less likely to ask for medical advice
