Migration Flashcards
how does migration contribute to development?
- migrant remittances eg Negal 28.8% of GDP is remittances compared to UK 0.1%
- can be a positive process for stability, economic growth + socio-economic change
trends with remittances and the development of a country
LIDC + EDC = remittances are a higher proportion of their GDP thus greater significance to their economy
eg 2013, US$6.69 was sent by remittances which is 0.1
where as India US$69.97 billion 3.7% of GDP
how can remittances be disrupted?
restrictive immigration policies of developed countries + costs of travel inc payments to traffickers eg potential migrants from Africa for example Sudan are affected
how does migration promote stability within and between countries?
- remittances are a source of foreign exchange which can contribute to economic stability of the recipient country
- returning migrants = new ideas + values eg equality can contribute to conflict resolution
how does migration promote economic growth within and between countries?
- migrants as consumers themselves can stimulate local economies in host countries eg opening up new markets
- can fill skill gaps + shortages in labour market of host country
- can stimulate consumption, provide funds for local investment + multiplier effect
how does migration promote development within and between countries?
- skills + knowledge acquired by returning migrants
- UN ‘migration + development’ projects between partner countries are involving families, local authorities etc to provide ‘bottom up’ approaches to development
how have remittances been made easier + more secure?
technology -> mobile transfers + use of smartphones
what else does migration transfer?
ideas, information + value eg about family size, marriage (social remittances), democracy etc
why has technology become so important?
- can with crisis mapping through satellite imagery, crowd sourced date -> this is so NGOs can respond where necessary
eg the use of smartphones + digital data collection to give access to no. of urban internally displaced persons in Pakistan
how does migration cause inequalities?
- countries of origin lose proportion of young + fittest element of labour force -> downward economic spiral at local, national scale
- ‘brain drain’ -> often better educated that migrate
- remittances increase inequality between those that get them + those that don’t
how does migration cause conflicts?
- culture clash between host country + new comers
- immigration population can place pressure on services eg education, health
- International borders can be areas of conflict for traffickers + illegal migrants
how does migration cause in justices?
- vulnerable to violation of human rights -> forced labour, human trafficking etc
- treatment of asylum seekers can inc being held in detention centres, not being allowed to work etc
examples of conflict + injustice
- reported human rights violation in detention camps for Myanmar refugees on the Thai-Malaysian border
- the new fence + high tech surveillance at the Bulgaria - turkey border
- refugee camp + Channel Tunnel at Calais. Another camp, ‘the jungle’ outside Calais contained over 3000 migrants in Feb 2016
what migrants flow are dominant?
South - North + South - South
what inequalities restrict the effective management of conflict due to migration?
- govt or military control of information
- limited broadband speed affect work of civilian relief organisations
- lack of technology -> can’t analyse digital data or use satellite imagery which could help with crisis mapping
how has migration become more complex due to globalisation?
- new places of origin
- new destinations
- contemporary migration patterns eg intra regional, inter regional + internal
inter regional
- migration of highly skilled workers from China, India, Brazil to USA inc graduates + those in professional sectors attracted by high salaries + quality of life
- migration of workers from India, Pakistan, the Philippines etc to oil producing Gulf States + Saudi Arabia attracted by increased demand for labour, high wages, ease of returning formal remittances etc
intra regional
- rapid increase of international migrant stock (6.5 million 2013) among ASEAN member states -> Thailand + Malaysia = main destinations, Myanmar, Lao = main sources
- most migrants are low skilled, many undocumented, seeking employment + higher wages
- return migration has been a high proportion of migrant flows within the EU eg Romania 93% of its total migration. this inc young worker having achieve their goals after taking low skilled jobs abroad before returning to more prestigious positions in home country
main reason for migration of young workers?
economic -> greater employment, higher wages + possibility of remittances
eg oil producing countries UAE, Qatar etc is an example of younger labour driven migration
In saudi arabia migrant pop. inc 2.85 mill India, 1.09 mill Bangladesh
main reason for migration of women?
- greater independence, status, freedom
- 2013, 52% of migrants to developed countries were females
- trend of growing significance = migration of highly skilled women eg tertiary educated women migrants in OECD countries has increased by 80%
- main destinations are Canada, UK + Israel as have less discrimination in labour markets
what is the world’s largest bilateral flows?
Bangladesh - India
3.3 mill migrants
main reasons for South - South flows?
- restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from the south attempting to enter the north
- no. of fast growing economies in the south which offer employment opportunities
- preventative costs of moving to more distant richer countries
Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast (South-South migration)
- burkina faso is landlocked, low income country -> bordered by Ivory Coast lower middle income country, worlds largest exporter of cocoa
- in 2013 there were 560,000 Ivorians living in Burkina Faso, there were 1.46 mill born in Burkina Faso living in the Ivory Coast
why is more people moving to Ivory Coast from Burkina Faso than visa versa?
- employment opportunities + higher wages in Ivory Coast
- opportunities for migrant farmers in the more fertile lands of ivory coast
- former French colonial administration in both countries had led to shared language, currency + cultural system which had made it easier for people from Burkina Faso to travel to more prosperous Ivory Coast
Myanmar to Thailand (South-South migration)
largest ASEAN migrant corridor inv 1.9 mil migrants:
- Thailand is SE Asia’s fastest growing economy, ppl attracted for economic reasons
- Thailand needs to resolve labour shortages in agriculture, fisheries, manufacturing
- it has introduced daily min wage of 300 baht (US$9), some ten times that of Myanmar
- many people are refugees from Myanmar govt
refugee
someone that has moved outside the country of their nationality or usual domicile bc of genuine fear of persecution or death
according to UNHCR how many refugees were there in 2012 + 2014
2012: 15.7 mill
2014: 19.5 mill
in 2015 which country was the largest source of refugees?
Syria
asylum seeker
a person who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee
how many asylum applications were submitted in 2014?
1.66 million
what country had the highest ratio of refugees to total population?
Lebanon (this is due to Syrian civil war)
257 per 1000 inhabitants
the civil war in Syria led to how many people being displaced in 2011?
7.6 mill
main reasons for the large number of refugees globally ?
- effects of conflict inc personal safety, loss of homes, access to services etc
- political persecution, discrimination + violation of human rights
- economic hardships inc forced labour
what advanced countries use a points based system (for entry) to satisfy labour shortages?
Canada, UK + Australia
pakistan emigration policy
- there are 7 mill Pakistanis working abroad (96% in the Gulf cooperation council countries)
- remittances amounted to US$11.5 billion -> important to socio economic development of country
- aims to promote emigration + safeguard migrants
what requirements are there in Pakistans emigration policy?
- positive steps to encourage female participation in overseas employment
- establishment of training institutions to help youth in preparation for working abroad
- ratification of ILO + UN Conventions regarding rights of workers
canada immigration policy
- aimed at the country’s LT requirements for engineers IT specialists + health care workers
- potential migrants are ranked on 1200 point system (enables young, highly skilled immigrants to be fast tracked)
- every effort is made to employ Canadian citizen first
- in ST Canada has agreed to take 10,000 Syrian refugees over a 3 yr period form 2015
bilateral migration
migration flow between two countries eg USA + Mexico
what influences bilateral migration?
CEEEM
- cost of travel
- ease of access + communication between two countries
- efficiency + cost of sending remittances
- employment opportunities + wage differences
- migration policy inc access to economic unions + policy on refugees
The Philippines
financial effect on families
every yr $20 billion dollars brought home
very little saved or invested -> decided to invest in fish farming
millions of people decided to stop working once families get jobs overseas
estimated 10 mill who have left the country to look for better opportunity
