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Human Geography > Gender inequality > Flashcards

Gender inequality Flashcards

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1
Q

Gender inequality

A

The unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender

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2
Q

GGGI

A

indices used inc labour force participation, literacy rate, sex ratio at birth, women in parliament

Best - Iceland(0.859), Sweden, Norway
Worst - Yemen (0.514), India, Qatar

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3
Q

Gender inequality is demonstrated:

A

forced marriages
Trafficking - sex slavery
Access to education + health care
Employment opportunities + political participation

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4
Q

what is being done global governance?

A

Two millennial goals specially directed at improving women’s lives + gender equality. CEDAW set up to strengthen rule of law + outlaw discrimination.

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5
Q

inequality in education

A

Girls have more attendance than boys in UK + USA w 13 years on average
Afghanistan, Bangladesh + china boys have much higher attendance than girls

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6
Q

Factors influencing female educational participation in developing countries

A

early pregnancy
Inadequate legislation
Negative classroom environment in which girls face violence
Impact of girls being exploited for child labour
Prevalence of child marriage
Patriarchal system, girls at home

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7
Q

Factors affecting female reproductive health in developing countries:

A 
sexual violence
Forced sterilisation 
Harmful practices FGM
STIs
High rates of young pregnancies
Early forced marriage
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8
Q

inequality in Employment opportunity

A

Ratio of male to female
Afghanistan: 1 male to 0.197 female in work
Malawi: 1 male to 1.042 female in work

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9
Q

The global pattern of gender employment is complex but there is factors that affect it:

A 
social norms
Cultural beliefs 
Levels of gov support
Social acceptance of women contributing to income
Gender based norms 
Levels of discrimination by employers
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10
Q

India case study (not on exam but some figures may be helpful)

A

Ranked 114th/142nd in the WEF global gender gap index

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11
Q

india
Gender inequality issues:
(not on exam but some figures may be helpful)

A

violence against women -> 52% of women think its justifiable for a man to beat his wife + tolerated by communities, increases in dowry killings + rape
Modern slavery -> 14.3 mill people in India in 2014
Property ownership -> very few rights
Employment opportunity -> often expected to remain at home, even those who have received full secondary education still do not enter work force
Discrimination in workplace -> maternity benefits are denied by many employers, in Delhi only 25% of married women returns to work inc those who can afford to pay for child care
Politcal participation -> 11% in Lok Sabha, 10.6% in Rajya Sabha
Access to education -> 70% of girls attend primary, much lower at secondary

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12
Q

india
Consequences fro women:
(not on exam but some figures may be helpful)

A

subject to murder when family cannot meet demands for a dowry, 2012 8233 dowry deaths
Marriage often used by husband to obtain property
Honour killing by their family members for not agreeing to arranged marriage
Many women beaten in the domestic home
Women’s health is at risk during pregnancy + after as high incidence of maternal mortality due to limited education, poverty

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13
Q

india
Evidence of changing norms + strategies to address issues
(not on exam but some figures may be helpful)

A

strengthening law
NGOs improving education
Indian gov joined UN Treaty bodies eg CEDAW
Passed acts eg The Dowry Prohibition Act 2008
Some companies beginning to provide childcare facilities + organise Flexi work options
ICRW has set up a ‘safe cities’ project -> led to women slowly gaining confidence to report crimes

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14
Q

Global governance

A

A movement of political integration aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region.

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15
Q

strategies of global governance

A

Attempts to change norms eg education
Work of NGOs
Corporate social responsibility of MNCs eg Coca Cola price of water campaign to help refugees have access to clean water
Creation of international laws + treaties
Attempts to strengthen the rule of law eg UN has implemented training national police officers, strengthen justice + prison systems

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16
Q

Violation of HR can be cause of conflict:

Not in exam

A

denial of food, housing
Discrimination + denial of freedom in an undemocratic society
Unrepresentative gov in which people are treated equally

17
Q

Conflict may face effect of further HR violation:

Not in exam

A

high incidence of mortality
Damage to homes
Exploitation of women
Impact on water + food supply

18
Q

How are HR protected?

A

NGOs -> monitoring + providing early warning of new violence, modification of social norms through education + training
United Nations -> intergovernmental organisation, troops, police, civilian personnel + peacekeeping
Treaties + laws -> often drawn up by UN

19
Q

name the practical strategies implemented in India to improve women’s rights
(not on exam but some figures may be helpful)

A
  • In 2014 an anti-trafficking portal was launched including a victim support programmes which provides temporary accommodation
  • TNC’s beginning to set up child-care facilities
  • NGO’s such as International `research Centre for Women working in Delhi neighbourhoods to implement development projects eg. ‘safe cities’ project allows women to report crimes and speak out
  • In 2014 the Delhi police increased number of women in the force in outer districts
  • Crimes such as rape common in South and West of Delhi and became unregulated due to urban growth
20
Q

4 acts of parliament introduced by the Indian parliament to protect women rights
(not on exam but some figures may be helpful)

A
  1. prohibition of child marriage act, 2006
  2. dowry prohibition act, 2008
  3. protection of women from domestic violence, 2005
  4. sexual harassment of women at workplace act, 2013
21
Q

an example of NGO trying to help women + countries they help?

A

Womankind
in Ethiopia they are training a govt official on laws + policies for women
In Nepal they are helping women fund their own business

22
Q

name 7 examples of gender inequality (FATWAVE)

A 
forced marriage
access to education 
trafficking 
wage equality 
access to reproductive health services
violence against women 
employment opportunities
23
Q

maternal mortality

Not in exam

A

the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to pregnancy or its management

24
Q

maternal mortality rate

A

annual no. of maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births

25
Q

in 2013, how many women died during + following pregnancy + childbirth ?

A

289,000

26
Q

what has the UN established to help empower women in education?

A

Girls Education initiative (UNICEF = lead agency)

Human Geography (10 decks)

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