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NURSING LEADERSHIP > MIDTERMS : Critical Thinking > Flashcards

MIDTERMS : Critical Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Decisions

When problems are unusual and unclear. When creative, novel solutions are necessary.

A

Innovative decision

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2
Q

Process of:
- Examining underlying assumptions
- Interpreting and evaluating arguments
- Imagining and exploring alternatives
- Developing a reflective criticism for the purpose of reaching a conclusion that can be justified

A

Critical thinking

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3
Q

The Decision-making Process

  • Identify all possible outcomes.
  • Examine the probability of each alternative.
  • Take the action that yields the highest probability of achieving the most desirable outcome.
A

Rational decision-making model

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4
Q

Decision-making Conditions

Likelihood, expressed as a percentage, that an event will or will not occur

A

Probability

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5
Q

Stumbling Blocks

Managers are often selected because of their expert clinical, not managerial, skills. Optimism, humor, and a positive approach are crucial to energizing staff and promoting creativity.

A

Personality

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6
Q

Involves diagnosing a problem and solving it. May or may not require making a decision.

A

Problem solving

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7
Q

____ are unquestioned beliefs that influence an individual’s reasoning.

A

Underlying assumptions

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8
Q

Types of Decisions

Necessary when both problems and alternative solutions are somewhat unusual and only partially understood

A

Adaptive decision

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9
Q

Critical thinking model’s parts

A

Creativity
Decision making
Problem solving

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10
Q

Creativity is one way to keep organizations ____

A

alive

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11
Q

Decision-making Conditions

Individual or group making the decision does not know all the alternatives, attendant risks, or possible consequences of each option

A

Uncertainty and risk

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12
Q

Strategy to bridge the gap between an existing state and a desired state

A

Innovation

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13
Q

Problem-Solving Methods

An individual’s experience can determine how much risk to take in present circumstances.

A

Past experience

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14
Q

The Decision-making Process

  • Emphasizes limitations of decision maker and situation
A

Descriptive rationality model

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15
Q

The Decision-making Process

  • Power is the ability to influence or control how problems and objectives are defined, what alternative solutions are considered and selected, what information flows, and what decisions are made.
A

Political decision-making model

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16
Q

Likelihood that an event will or will not occur based on manager’s personal judgment and beliefs

A

Subjective probability

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17
Q

An essential component of decision making. A higher level cognitive process that includes creativity, problem solving, and decision making

A

Critical thinking

18
Q

May or may not involve a problem. Always involves making a choice.

A

Decision making

19
Q

Problem-Solving Methods

  • Involves testing a theory or hunch
  • A project or study is carried out in either a controlled or uncontrolled setting.
  • Data are collected and analyzed and results interpreted to determine whether the solution tried has been effective.
A

Experimentation

20
Q

Four stages of creativity

A

Preparation, incubation, insight, verification

21
Q

Critical-thinking classes for new nurses improve ____, ____, and ____.

A

patient safety, job satisfaction, and retention

22
Q

Stumbling Blocks

One proposed course of action is right and all others are wrong. Only one opinion can be voiced and others will be silent.

A

Preconceived Ideas

23
Q

Four Stages of Creativity

Solutions often emerge after a period of reflection

A

Insight

24
Q

Problem-Solving Methods

If permitted to run a natural course, problems are solved by those personally involved.

A

Some problems are self-solving

25
Q

The Decision-making Process

  • The individual chooses an alternative that is not ideal but either is good enough under existing circumstances to meet minimum standards of acceptance or is the first acceptable alternative.
A

Satisficing

26
Q

The ability to develop and implement new and better solutions. It produces new and better solutions to challenges.

A

Creativity

27
Q

Likelihood that an event will or will not occur based on facts and reliable information

A

Objective probability

28
Q

Four Stages of Creativity

Once a solution has been implemented, evaluate it for effectiveness.

A

Verification

29
Q

Four Stages of Creativity

Allow as much time as possible to elapse before deciding on solutions

A

Incubation

30
Q

Decision-making Conditions

When alternatives and the conditions surrounding each alternative are known, a state of certainty is said to exist.

A

Under certainty

31
Q

Problem-Solving Methods

Relies heavily on past experience and trial and error

A

Intuition

32
Q

Four Stages of Creativity

  • Pick a specific task
  • Gather relevant facts
  • Challenge every detail
  • Develop preferred solutions
  • Implement improvements
A

Preparation

33
Q

Stumbling Blocks

An inflexible management style

A

Rigidity

34
Q

Group members come to think alike and have similar prejudices and blind spots. Seriously impairs critical thinking; can result in erroneous and damaging decisions

A

Groupthink

35
Q

Problem-Solving Methods

Applying one solution after another until the problem is solved or appears to be improving

A

Trial-and-error method

36
Q

Types of Decisions

Relatively well-defined, common problems. Often using established rules, policies, and procedures.

A

Routine decision

37
Q

Critical-thinking skills can be used to resolve problems _____

A

rationally

38
Q

Using different ____ and ____ can help the critical thinker develop several different views of an issue.

A

basic assumptions and paradigms

39
Q

Group members meet together and generate many diverse ideas about the nature, cause, definition, or solution to a problem without consideration of their relative value.

Premium is placed on generating lots of ideas as quickly as possible and on coming up with unusual ideas.

A

Brainstorming

40
Q

Expected risk is calculated or estimated

A

Probability analysis

NURSING LEADERSHIP (9 decks)

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