MIDTERMS Flashcards
- To evaluate fertility and post vasectomy procedures
- Abstain from sexual activity for 3 days and not longer than 5 days before collecting the sample
- Collected at the laboratory in a warm sterile container
SEMEN
- Surrounds the brain and spinal cord to supply nutrients to the nervous tissue
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
- “Joint fluid”
- Clear, paleyellow, viscous fluid that lubricates and decreases friction in movable joint
SYNOVIAL FLUID
Pale-yellow, watery, serum-like fluid found between the double-layered membranes enclosing the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities digestive organs; expand with our damaging each other is because of the presence of serous fluid]
SEROUS FLUID
aspirated from the pleural space, or cavity, surrounding the lungs
Pleural fluid
aspirated from the abdominal cavity
Peritoneal fluid
aspirated from the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart
Pericardial fluid
- Clear, almost colorless to pale yellow fluid that fills the membrane (amnion or amniotic sac) that surrounds and cushions a fetus in the uterus
AMNIOTIC FLUID
An antigen normally present in the human fetus that is also found in amniotic fluid and maternal serum
ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP)
Can be assessed by measuring the amniotic fluid levels of substances called phospholipids, which act as surfactants to keep the alveoli of the lungs inflated
FETAL LUNG MATURITY
examines stomach contents for abnormal substances and measures gastric acid concentration to evaluate stomach acid production
Gastric analysis:
Aspirating a sample of gastric fluid by means of a tube passed through the mouth and throat (oropharynx) or nose and throat (nasopharynx) into the stomach after a period of fasting tested to determine acidity prior to stimulation
BASAL GASTRIC ANALYSIS
Mucus or phlegm that is ejected from the trachea,
bronchi, and lungs through deep coughing
SPUTUM
- A less invasive, painless alternative to blood collection for obtaining cells for DNA analysis
- The phlebotomists collects the sample by gently massaging the mouth on the inside of the cheek with a special swab
BUCCAL SWABS
- Fluid secreted by glands in mouth
- Used to monitor hormone levels and detect alcohol
and drug abuse (recent drug use)
SALIVA
This test s based on the fact that H. pylori produces
urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea but is not
normally present in the stomach
C-UREA BREATH TEST (C-UBT)
Helps identify problems with the digestion of carbohydrates such as lactose (milk sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar) and is thought to be the most accurate lactose tolerance test
HYDROGEN BREATH TEST
appear red because of the release of hemoglobin from rbcs [rejected]
Hemolyzed specimens
appear yellow because of the presence of excess bilirubin [significant; microscopic]
Icteric specimens
are cloudy [gelatinlike] because of increased lipids [artificially made when the patient ate fatty meal before blood collection; if not, it is an indicator of something else]
Lipemic specimens
liquid portion of anticoagulated blood
- Contains the protein fibrinogen
Plasma
lquid portion of clotted blood
- Fibrinogen in serum has already been used in the clotting of blood
Serum
comprises approximately 55% of the total blood volume; clear straw-colored fluid that is about 91% water and 9% dissolved substances
Plasma
- Red blood cells
- Are anucleate biconcave disks that are approximately 7.2 microns in diameter
ERYTHROCYTES
- White blood cells
- Provide immunity to certain diseases by producing antibodies and destroying harmful pathogens by phagocytosis
- Normal number: 4,500 to 11,000 per microliter of blood
LEUKOCYTES
– determines the number of all WBC present in the blood
White blood cell count
determines the percentage of each type of leukocyte
Differential cell count
- The most numerous leukocytes (40-60%)
- Provide protection against infection through phagocytosis
- Called “segmented” or “polymorphonuclear cells”
- Nuclei of the neutrophils has 3-5 segments
- Increases in bacterial infection
NEUTROPHILS
- The second most numerous leukocytes (20- 40%)
- Provide the body with immune capability by means of B and T lymphocytes
- B-lymphocytes [antibodies]; T-lymphocytes [active search and destroy of antigens]
LYMPHOCYTES
- 3-8%
- Largest circulating leukocytes
- Act as a powerful phagocytes to digest foreign material
- The cytoplasm has a fine blue-gray appearance with vacuoles and a large, irregular nucleus
- Not as rounded as the other leukocytes
- Cannot mistake it from the others because of its size
MONOCYTES
- 1-3%
- Red orange granules, and the nucleus has only two lobes [bilobes]
- Detoxify foreign proteins and increase in allergies, skin infections, and parasitic infections
EOSINOPHILS
- 0-1%
- Least common of the leukocytes
- The cytoplasm contains large granules that stain purple-black
- Release histamine in the inflammation process and heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting
BASOPHILS
- Platelets
- Small, irregularly shaped disks formed from the cytoplasm of very large cells in the bone marrow called the megakaryocytes
[largest cell in the bone marrow] - Life span: 9-12 days
- Average number: between 140,000 and 440,000 per microliter of blood
- Play a vital role in blood clotting in all stages of the coagulation mechanism
THROMBOCYTES
decreased urine output: 400mL/day (adults); occurs at excessive water loss [dehydration, patient is a burn victim, diarrhea, vomiting]
Oliguria
cessation of urine flow; suggests severe kidney damage [urine cannot pass/flow out of the body]
Anuria
– increased urine output: >2.5L/day (adults) [marker for diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus]
Polyuria
