CONCEPTS IN PHLEBOTOMY Flashcards
- Phlebotomists may be scheduled to work at one of these areas or patients from these areas may be referred to the laboratory for sample collection.
- May range in size (in terms of bed capacity) from 50 to more than 300 beds.
- May vary in extent of services provided
HOSPITAL ORGANIZATIONS
Classification of Hospitals (DOH)
-According to Ownership:
-According to Scope of Services:
- Created by law
- May be under: National Government, LGU, DOH, State Universities and Colleges
Government
Owned, established, and operated with funds from donation, principal, investment, or other means by any individual, corporation, association, or organization
Private
- equipped with the service capabilities supporting board certified/ eligible medical specialists in, but not limited to the following
General
According to Scope of Services:
i. General
-Clinical Services
-Emergency Services
-Outpatient Services
-Ancillary and Support Services
- May be devoted to the treatment of the following:
1. Particular illness/condition requiring a range of treatment.
2. Patients suffering from diseases of a particular organ/group of organs.
3. Patients belonging to a group such as children, women, elderly or others
Specialty
Deals directly with patient care
Nursing Services
Ex: communications systems, food, housekeeping
Support Services
Business Aspect (Accounting, Admitting, Data Collection and Health Information Management)
Fiscal Services
Assist the physician in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Professional Services
Professional Service Departments:
a. Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging
b. Radiation Therapy
c. Respiratory Therapy
d. Nuclear Medicine
e. Occupational Therapy
f. Pharmacy
g. Physical Therapy
h. Cardiovascular Testing
i. Clinical Laboratory
Provides data to the healthcare team to aid in determining the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of a patient.
Clinical Laboratory
Provides data to the healthcare team to aid in determining the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of a patient.
Clinical Laboratory
- Consist of several primary care physicians or may specialize in a particular medical specialty such as pediatrics or cardiology.
- Made up of a combination of family practice physicians and
specialists.
Physician Office Laboratories
Managed care group practice centers that provide a large variety of services. Physicians’ offices, a clinical laboratory, radiology, physical therapy, and outpatient surgery are often available at one location.
Health Management Organizations (HMO)
Large, independent reference laboratories contract with health-care providers and institutions to perform both routine and highly specialized tests.
Reference Laboratories
National Reference Laboratories (NRL) in the Philippines:
- National Kidney Transplant Institute
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
- Lung Center of the Philippines
- East Avenue Medical Center
- STD-AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory (SACCL)
- Phlebotomists collect, label and prepare blood, plasma and other components for transfusions.
- Consistently interact with the public, conducting interviews and testing samples to screen potential donors.
Blood Donor Centers
PATIENT’S RIGHTS (DOH)
- Right to Appropriate Medical Care and Humane Treatment.
- Right to Informed Consent.
- Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
- Right to Information
- The Right to Choose Health Care Provider and Facility.
- Right to Self-Determination
- Right to Religious Belief.
- Right to Medical Records
- Right to Leave.
- Right to Refuse Participation in Medical Research.
- Right to Correspondence and to Receive Visitors.
- Right to Express Grievances.
- Right to be informed of His Rights and Obligations as a Patient.
A wrongful act committed by one person against another that causes harm to the person or his or her property
TORT
Kind of Tort
-Assault
-Battery
-Defamation
Intentional Tort
Kind of Tort
- Negligence
- Malpractice
Unintentional Tort
threat to touch another person without his or her consent and with the intention of causing fear of harm.
Assault
actual harmful touching of a person without his or her consent.
Battery
spoken or written words that can injure a person’s reputation
Defamation
false defamatory writing that is published
Libel
false and malicious spoken word.
Slander
is the violation of the patient’s right to be left alone and the right to be free from unwanted exposure to public view.
Invasion of Privacy
misconduct or lack of skill by a health-care professional that results in injury to the patient.
Medical Malpractice
as failure to give reasonable care by the health-care provider, must be proven in a malpractice suit
Negligence
Four factors must be proven to claim negligence:
- Duty
- Causation
- Breach of Duty
- Damages
- From accidental arterial puncture
- From inadequate pressure to the vein
Hemorrhage
the following that may cause the patient to file a case of malpractice/ negligence against you:
a. Nerve Injury
b. Hemorrhage:
c. Drawing from inappropriate locations
d. Injuries occurring when a patient faints
e. Death of a Patient caused by misidentification of a patient or sample
The clinical laboratory is divided into two areas,
Anatomical and Clinical.
is responsible for the analysis of surgical specimens, frozen sections, biopsies, cytological specimens, and autopsies.
The Anatomical Area
process and examine tissue and body fluids for the presence of abnormal cells, such as cancer cells.
Cytology Section
- Cytologists (CTs)
(Pap) smear - common test performed
The Papanicolaou
process and stain tissue from biopsies, surgery, autopsies, and frozen sections.
Histopathology/ Histology Section
- Histology technicians (HTs) and technologists (HTLs)
Chromosome studies are performed to detect genetic disorders
Cytogenetics
Cellular elements, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells WBCs), and platelets (Plts) are enumerated and classified in all body fluids and in the bone marrow.
Hematology
Overall process of hemostasis is evaluated; this includes platelets, blood vessels, coagulation factors, fibrinolysis,
inhibitors, and anticoagulant therapy (heparin and Coumadin)
Coagulation
- Most automated area
- May perform electrophoresis, therapeutic drug monitoring and enzyme immunoassays to measure substances such as proteins, carbohydrates, enzymes and hormones and
toxicology.
Clinical Chemistry
- Where blood may be collected, stored, and prepared
for transfusion. - Testing procedures involve RBC antigens (Ag) and antibodies (Ab).
- Blood from patients and donors is tested for its blood group (ABO) and Rh type. Also tests compatibility (crossmatch) between patient and donor
- Detect and identification of abnormal antibodies
Blood Bank (Immunohematology)
Performs tests to evaluate the body’s immune response; that is, the production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) and cellular activation.
Serology (Immunology)
- Responsible for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms and for hospital infection control. In large laboratories, the section may be divided into bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, and virology.
- Common Tests include Culture and Sensitivity and Gram Staining
Microbiology
- (UA) may be a separate laboratory section or a part of
the hematology or chemistry sections. - Routine screening procedure to detect disorders and infections of the kidney and to detect metabolic
disorders. - Consists of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of the urine
Urinalysis
The Clinical Area
a. Hematology
b. Coagulation
c. Clinical Chemistry
d. Blood Bank (Immunohematology)
e. Serology (Immunology)
f. Microbiology
g. Urinalysis
h. Phlebotomy
i. Sample Processing
- A pathologist is a specialist in the study of disease and works in both clinical pathology and anatomical pathology.
- Acts as a consultant to physicians
- Has direct responsibility all areas of the laboratory
Laboratory Director
(Pathologist)
- Responsible for overall technical and administrative management of the laboratory
- Usually a medical laboratory scientist (MLS) with a master’s
degree and 5 or more years of laboratory experience.
Laboratory Manager (Administrator) or Chief-Medical
Technologis
- Responsible for overall technical and administrative management of the laboratory
- Usually a medical laboratory scientist (MLS) with a master’s
degree and 5 or more years of laboratory experience.
Laboratory Manager (Administrator) or Chief-Medical
Technologist
MLS with experience and expertise related to the particular
laboratory section or sections; often have specialty certifications on each section.
Technical Supervisor or Section Head
Responsibilities of the technical supervisor include
- Reviewing all laboratory test results
- Consulting with the pathologist on abnormal test results
- Scheduling personnel
- Maintaining automated instruments
- Preparing budget
- Maintaining reagents and supplies
- Orienting, evaluating, and teaching personnel
- Providing protocols for new test procedures.
- Has a bachelor’s degree in medical technology and 1 year of training in an accredited medical technology / clinical laboratory science program.
- Performs laboratory procedures that require independent judgment and responsibility with minimal technical supervision
- Maintains equipment and records; performs quality assurance and preventive maintenance activities related to test performance setting.
Medical Laboratory Scientist
Performs routine laboratory procedures according to
established protocol under the supervision of a technologist, supervisor, or laboratory director.
Medical Laboratory Technician
- Collects blood from patients for laboratory analysis.
- Usually has completed a structured phlebotomy training program.
- Trained to identify the patient properly, obtain the correct amount of blood by venipuncture or microtechnique
Phlebotomist
