Midterm STUDY DECK (Ch. 1-8, not 5) Flashcards
Physiologicial psychology is called _____ nowadays.
Behavioral neuroscience
Are there rules for using subjects and participants in psychology experiments?
Yes! The research must be humane and the participants must give informed consent. All research must also pass the IRB and IACUC. #neuroethics
Why do we “see” lights when we rub our eyes?
Rubbing your eyes increases the pressure within the eyeball, which activates ganglion cells in the retina in the same way as light does – FIRE THE POTENTIALS!!
Is the speed of nerve conduction the same as the speed of light?
Nope.
True or false: the further away the neuron is from the brain, the slower it takes to for the action potential to travel there.
True
The CNS is made up of:
brain, spinal cord, nerves
The PNS is made up of:
sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
Parts of the neuron:
Soma
Axon
Dendrites
Terminal buttons
The ____ of the neuron contains the nucleus
soma
The ____ of the neuron carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons
axon
Purpose of the dendrites:
Receive messages from other neurons’ terminal buttons. Synapse!!
Which part of the neuron secretes neurotransmitters?
The terminal buttons, obviously
What is axoplasmic transport?
An active process that propels substances along microtubule tracks that run inside the length of the axon
Anterograde axoplasmic transport is accomplished by _____ protein.
kinesin
Retrograde axoplasmic transport is accomplished by _____ protein.
dynein
Autoreceptor
A receptor molecule located on a presynaptic neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
What is the area postrema?
The weak part of the blood brain barrier (bonus points: it controls vomiting by detecting toxic substances entering the blood)
What does the blood brain barrier do?
It is a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the composition of the ECF and keeps messages from being disrupted
The ______ is the powerhouse of the cell, producing ___
mitochondria; ATP
Supporting cells of the CNS:
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Functions of astrocytes:
Physical support
Clean up crew via phagocytosis
Produce chemicals and provide nourishment (lactate + glycogen)
Functions of oligodendrocytes:
Provide support to axons
Produce myelin sheath for CNS
Functions of the microglia:
Phagocytes
Immune system – inflammation!
What cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
What cells produce the myelin sheath in the PNS?
Schwann cells
What is the space between the myelin sheaths called?
The node of Ranvier?
Inside the axon, the resting potential is ____mV
-70
Hyperpolarization occurs when the membrane potential increases/decreases.
increases
Depolarization occurs when the membrane potential increases/decreases
decreases
When the inside of an axon is more negatively charged than the outside, ________ occurs.
hyperpolarization
When the inside of an axon is more positively charged than the outside, ______ occurs.
depolarization
What causes an action potential?
A burst of rapid depolarization followed by hyperpolarization
Describe diffusion
Molecules move from high to low to achieve equilibrium
Describe electrostatic pressure
The force exerted by the attraction/repulsion of ions
Opposites attract; identical repulse
Positive ions (give two examples)
Cations – Na+ K+
Negative ions (give two examples)
Anions – Cl- A-
Which has more sodium in it – ECF or ICF?
ECF
Explain the A-
It’s stuck in the ICF. Can’t get out. End of story.
Explain the Cl-
It’s mostly in the ECF, but diffusion pushes it into the cell, but then BANG, electrostatic pressure pushes it back out like a boss.
Explain the Na+
Mostly extracellular, diffusion and electrostatic pressure pull it in the cell
Explain the K+
Mostly kept inside, but diffusion pushes out while electrostatic pressures forces it back in
So…how does the cell keep most of the Na+ outside, even though both forces want it inside?
Well, the membrane is helpful, but it’s mostly the sodium-potassium pump’s doing.
The sodium-potassium pump exchanges _ Na+ for _ K+.
3; 2
Explain the rate law
More potentials shot off = more intense stimulus
Explain the all-or-nothing law
An action potential either shoots or it don’t
True or false: The action potential gets retriggered at each node of ranvier.
TRUE
Saltatory conduction
the rapid method by which nerve impulses move down a myelinated axon with excitation occurring only at nodes of Ranvier
How does Novocaine work?
Blocks the Sodium channels so that the cell can’t fire.
Cranial nerves mnemonic:
OOOTTAFVGVAH
Two parts of the forebrain:
telencephalon (cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland)
Parts of the telencephalon
Cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
Parts of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
The midbrain is also called the _______.
mesencephalon
The mesencephalon contains the _______ and ______.
tectum; tegmentum
The neural axis goes from _____ to ____.
bottom of spinal cord to front of forebrain
What is the real name of the epidural in childbirth?
Caudal block
The superior and inferior colliculi are located in the ______.
Tectum
The inferior colliculi are part of the ______ system
auditory
The superior colliculi are part of the _____ system
visual
The LGN/MGN is located in the ________ and is part of the visual system.
LGN; thalamus
The LGN/MGN is located in the ______ and is part of the auditory system
MGN
Which lobe is the M1 (primary motor cortex) stripe located on?
Frontal
Which lobe is the S1 (primary somatosensory cortex) stripe located on?
Parietal
Which lobe is the V1 located?
Occipital
Which lobe is the V2 located?
Occipital
Which lobe is the auditory cortex located?
Temporal
Broca’s area is located on the _____ lobe.
frontal
Wernicke’s area is located on the ______ lobe
Temporal
The prefrontal cortex is located on the _____ lobe
Frontal
The premotor cortex is located on the _____ lobe
frontal
Drug
An exogenous chemical not necessary for normal cellular functioning that significantly alters the functions of certain cells of the body when taken in relatively low doses
Antagonist
Drug that stops vesicles from dumping their NTs
Agonist
Drug that triggers the dumping of NTs
Direct agonist
Drug acts like a real NT and binds to post synaptic receptors – like a key!
Direct Antagonist
Drug that can bind to postsynaptic receptors but doesn’t open ion channels (wrong key that gets stuck)
Indirect Antagonist
Drug binds to a secondary binding site and stops the ion channels from opening
Direct agonist
Drug binds to a secondary binding site and helps/boosts it
If you block the autoreceptors, you have an agonist/antagonist
agonist (double negative)