Midterm STUDY DECK (Ch. 1-8, not 5) Flashcards
Physiologicial psychology is called _____ nowadays.
Behavioral neuroscience
Are there rules for using subjects and participants in psychology experiments?
Yes! The research must be humane and the participants must give informed consent. All research must also pass the IRB and IACUC. #neuroethics
Why do we “see” lights when we rub our eyes?
Rubbing your eyes increases the pressure within the eyeball, which activates ganglion cells in the retina in the same way as light does – FIRE THE POTENTIALS!!
Is the speed of nerve conduction the same as the speed of light?
Nope.
True or false: the further away the neuron is from the brain, the slower it takes to for the action potential to travel there.
True
The CNS is made up of:
brain, spinal cord, nerves
The PNS is made up of:
sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
Parts of the neuron:
Soma
Axon
Dendrites
Terminal buttons
The ____ of the neuron contains the nucleus
soma
The ____ of the neuron carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons
axon
Purpose of the dendrites:
Receive messages from other neurons’ terminal buttons. Synapse!!
Which part of the neuron secretes neurotransmitters?
The terminal buttons, obviously
What is axoplasmic transport?
An active process that propels substances along microtubule tracks that run inside the length of the axon
Anterograde axoplasmic transport is accomplished by _____ protein.
kinesin
Retrograde axoplasmic transport is accomplished by _____ protein.
dynein
Autoreceptor
A receptor molecule located on a presynaptic neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
What is the area postrema?
The weak part of the blood brain barrier (bonus points: it controls vomiting by detecting toxic substances entering the blood)
What does the blood brain barrier do?
It is a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the composition of the ECF and keeps messages from being disrupted
The ______ is the powerhouse of the cell, producing ___
mitochondria; ATP
Supporting cells of the CNS:
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Functions of astrocytes:
Physical support
Clean up crew via phagocytosis
Produce chemicals and provide nourishment (lactate + glycogen)
Functions of oligodendrocytes:
Provide support to axons
Produce myelin sheath for CNS
Functions of the microglia:
Phagocytes
Immune system – inflammation!
What cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
What cells produce the myelin sheath in the PNS?
Schwann cells
What is the space between the myelin sheaths called?
The node of Ranvier?
Inside the axon, the resting potential is ____mV
-70
Hyperpolarization occurs when the membrane potential increases/decreases.
increases
Depolarization occurs when the membrane potential increases/decreases
decreases
When the inside of an axon is more negatively charged than the outside, ________ occurs.
hyperpolarization
When the inside of an axon is more positively charged than the outside, ______ occurs.
depolarization
What causes an action potential?
A burst of rapid depolarization followed by hyperpolarization
Describe diffusion
Molecules move from high to low to achieve equilibrium
Describe electrostatic pressure
The force exerted by the attraction/repulsion of ions
Opposites attract; identical repulse
Positive ions (give two examples)
Cations – Na+ K+
Negative ions (give two examples)
Anions – Cl- A-
Which has more sodium in it – ECF or ICF?
ECF
Explain the A-
It’s stuck in the ICF. Can’t get out. End of story.
Explain the Cl-
It’s mostly in the ECF, but diffusion pushes it into the cell, but then BANG, electrostatic pressure pushes it back out like a boss.
Explain the Na+
Mostly extracellular, diffusion and electrostatic pressure pull it in the cell
Explain the K+
Mostly kept inside, but diffusion pushes out while electrostatic pressures forces it back in
So…how does the cell keep most of the Na+ outside, even though both forces want it inside?
Well, the membrane is helpful, but it’s mostly the sodium-potassium pump’s doing.
The sodium-potassium pump exchanges _ Na+ for _ K+.
3; 2
Explain the rate law
More potentials shot off = more intense stimulus
Explain the all-or-nothing law
An action potential either shoots or it don’t
True or false: The action potential gets retriggered at each node of ranvier.
TRUE
Saltatory conduction
the rapid method by which nerve impulses move down a myelinated axon with excitation occurring only at nodes of Ranvier
How does Novocaine work?
Blocks the Sodium channels so that the cell can’t fire.
Cranial nerves mnemonic:
OOOTTAFVGVAH
Two parts of the forebrain:
telencephalon (cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland)
Parts of the telencephalon
Cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
Parts of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
The midbrain is also called the _______.
mesencephalon
The mesencephalon contains the _______ and ______.
tectum; tegmentum
The neural axis goes from _____ to ____.
bottom of spinal cord to front of forebrain
What is the real name of the epidural in childbirth?
Caudal block
The superior and inferior colliculi are located in the ______.
Tectum
The inferior colliculi are part of the ______ system
auditory
The superior colliculi are part of the _____ system
visual
The LGN/MGN is located in the ________ and is part of the visual system.
LGN; thalamus
The LGN/MGN is located in the ______ and is part of the auditory system
MGN
Which lobe is the M1 (primary motor cortex) stripe located on?
Frontal
Which lobe is the S1 (primary somatosensory cortex) stripe located on?
Parietal
Which lobe is the V1 located?
Occipital
Which lobe is the V2 located?
Occipital
Which lobe is the auditory cortex located?
Temporal
Broca’s area is located on the _____ lobe.
frontal
Wernicke’s area is located on the ______ lobe
Temporal
The prefrontal cortex is located on the _____ lobe
Frontal
The premotor cortex is located on the _____ lobe
frontal
Drug
An exogenous chemical not necessary for normal cellular functioning that significantly alters the functions of certain cells of the body when taken in relatively low doses
Antagonist
Drug that stops vesicles from dumping their NTs
Agonist
Drug that triggers the dumping of NTs
Direct agonist
Drug acts like a real NT and binds to post synaptic receptors – like a key!
Direct Antagonist
Drug that can bind to postsynaptic receptors but doesn’t open ion channels (wrong key that gets stuck)
Indirect Antagonist
Drug binds to a secondary binding site and stops the ion channels from opening
Direct agonist
Drug binds to a secondary binding site and helps/boosts it
If you block the autoreceptors, you have an agonist/antagonist
agonist (double negative)
If you stimulate the autoreceptors, you have an agonist/antagonist
antagonist (double negative)
The part of the main terminal button that is sensitive to the axoaxonic terminal button is called the _______ ________.
presynaptic heteroreceptors
True or false: Usually when the autoreceptors of dendrites release NTs, it serves to slow down the firing rate of the neuron.
True
When you block dendritic receptors, it’s an agonist/antagonist
agonist
When you stimulate dendritic receptors, it’s an agonist/antagonist
antagonist
Enzymes control the steps in synthesizing NTs. If a drug inactivates one of these enzymes, then it is an agonist/antagonist.
antagonist
Making more of a precursor to an NT is a agonist/antagonist.
agonist
If you slow down reuptake, it has an agonist/antagonist effect.
agonist
If you block the enzymes that destroy NTs, then it has an agonist/antagonist effect.
agonst
To treat myasthenia gravis, you can “turn up” the effects of ACh by preventing __________ from being released.
AChE
ACh controls _____ ____ in the PNS
muscular movement
ACh controls ______, ______, and _____ in the CNS
REM sleep, learning, memory
Botulinum is an agonist/antagonist
antagonist
Black widow venom is an agonist/antagonist
agonist
What are the 2 types of ACh receptors?
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Tell me everything you know about the ACh receptor muscarinic:
metabotropic – slower + longer lasting – BRAIN – blocked by belladonna
Tell me everything you know about the ACh receptor nicotinic:
Isotropic – fast – muscles – blocked by curare
Which two amino acids act as neurotransmitters?
Glutamate; GABA
Name the monoamines
Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine
Is Prozac an agonist or antagonist? What NT does it impact?
Antagonist; serotonin (SSRI)
What type of patient would get a dopamine agonist?
Parkinson’s
What type of patient would get a dopamine antagonist?
Schizo, bipolar, psychosis
Is the placebo effect stopped by opiate-blocking drugs?
Yes
Glutamate is excitatory/inhibitory
excitatory
GABA is excitatory/inhibitory
inhibitory
_______ have a “modulating” effect, meaning that it doesn’t give actual information, just boosts or reduces it.
Monoamines
Peptides get destroyed by ______, not reuptake.
enzymes
True or false: Lipids can get through the blood brain barrier
True. Uh oh.
Examples of lipids:
cannabinoids, opiods
Soluble gases:
nitric oxide
The dose-response curve measures the _______ of a drug
effectiveness
The most desirable drug has a high/low affinity for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and a high/low affinity for sites of action that produce toxic effects.
high; low
Tell me about the rods in your eyes.
night vision, monochromatic, 120million of them, peripheral retina, poor acuity
Tell me about the cones in your eyes.
daytime vision, colors, fovea, high acuity
What is the last layer in the retina?
Ganglion cells
________ cells have center-surround receptive fields
Ganglion
Pathway from eye –> brain
Optic chiasm, LGN, primary visual cortex, dorsal & ventral stream
The ventral stream tells us _____.
what; parietal
The dorsal stream tells us _____ and _____.
where, how
Describe transduction.
To change from the physical stuff to psychological stuff, such as turning light to neurons firing.
Sensory receptors for vision are:
Rods and cones
The color red has short/long waves and the color blue has short/long waves.
long; short
The hue/color is determined by ______.
wavelength
The brightness is determined by ______
intensity
The saturation is determined by ______
purity
The retina is part of the PNS/CNS
CNS
What are saccades?
Jerky eye movements when we move to fixate on different things
What are vergence movements?
Eyes roll in or roll out to focus both eyes on a single target
Rods/cones synapse with ____ cells, which then synapse with _____ cells.
Bipolar; ganglion
The axons of the ganglion cells leave the eye at the _____ ___ and form the ____ ____.
blind spot; optic nerve
Rods/cones are at the front/back of the eye, which is not a problem because they are transparent
back
Why is it good that our visual fields of our eyes overlap?
3D vision, baby
The fovea is full of ____ while the periphery is mostly ____
cones; rods
Blindsight occurs when the cortical regions involved in ______ _____ are damaged, but everything else is all good.
conscious perception
The LGN has three types of layers:
magnocellular; parvocellular; koniocellular
The magnocellular layer of the LGN is good for _____ ______
motion detection
The parvocellular layer of the LGN is good for _____ and ______
colors and fine detail
The koniocellular sublayer of the LGN is good for the color ____.
blue
True or false: The entire left eye sends its info to the right hemisphere
False; each retina is split in 2 and the info crosses over at the optic chiasm.
How does the brain use its two eyes to give us 3D vision?
Retinal disparity
The 8th cranial nerve is _____.
auditory
Why do afterimages occur?
photochemical activity in the retina continues even when the eyes are no longer experiencing the OG stimulus.
Hubel and Wiesel discovered that neurons in the visual cortex responded to specific _____.
features
V4/V8 are in charge of ____.
color
V5 is in charge of ____
motion
Which cortices do the initial processing of visual information before sending it out to be further analyzed?
V1 and V2
In the striate cortex, information from color-sensitive ganglion cells is transmitted (via LGN) to the _________ ___.
CO blobs
Three types of stripes in CO-blob neurons
Thin
Thick
Pale
Visual agnosia
Can’t recognize an item via sight
Prosopagnosia
Face blindness
PPA
Parahippocampal place area; located in extrastriate cortex
FFA
Fusiform face area; located in extrastriate cortex
Pitch has to do with _____
frequency
Loudness has to be with ______
amplitude
Timbre covers everything else.
Yeah, it does
What are the hammer, anvil, stirrup called?
The ossicles
Which ossicle connects to the oval window on the cochlea?
Stirrup
The organ of corti sits on the ____ ____ and contains the ____ ___.
basilar membrane; hair cells
Sensory receptors of the auditory system:
Hair cells
The base (where the stirrup connects) registers high/low frequency sounds
High
The apex registers high/low frequency sounds
low
Name of the mini keyboard in your brain
Tonotopic organization
Describe place coding
What part of the basilar membrane is vibrating; works better for higher frequencies
Describe rate coding
How many times the hair cells fire; works better for lower frequencies
The fundamental frequency is the _____ one, while harmonics are ______.
lowest; higher multiplicities
Amusia
tone deaf
How does the vestibular system work?
Fluid-filled semicircular canals push on the cupula, which makes hair cells move/fire
What are vestibular sacs?
Hair cells buried under a gel-like glob of stuff that contains little rocks
What moves the vestibular hair cells?
WEIGHT
What is proprioception?
Knowing where your body is
Which cranial nerve handles vestibular info?
8th / auditory
Glabrous skin
Found on hands, lips, soles. Slow; not as sensitive
Sensitivity to pressure and vibration is caused by ______ of skin, which moves dendrites of mechanoreceptors
movement
Hairy skin
rapid; more sensitive
How do mechanoreceptors fire?
Mechanoreceptors detect stimuli such as touch, pressure, vibration, and sound from the external and internal environments. They contain primary sensory neurons that respond to changes in mechanical displacement, usually in a localized region at the tip of a sensory dendrite.
All the senses involve the thalamus, except for ______.
olfaction
Five tastes
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
Umami
What chemical are we detecting for umami?
MSG/Glutamate
Is taste ipsilateral or contralateral?
Ipsilateral
Sensory receptor of taste:
Taste buds
Where are the olfactory receptors?
Olfactory epithelium
What part of the brain processes olfactory information?
The olfactory bulb
How can we ID 10,000 smells if we only have 338 types of receptors?
Each of the hundreds of thousands of scents we can detect is made of a mixture of different odor molecules. Each type of molecule may be detected by an array of receptors, creating a puzzle for the brain to solve each time the nose catches a whiff of something new
Do you FLEX your muscles?
Nope, just your arm. Take that, gym bros.
How do skeletal muscle contract?
Myosin and actin row over each other. SQUIIIESH.
Example of a monosynaptic reflex
Doctor whacks your knee with a sledgehammer
The stretch receptors in muscles are part of which two senses?
Proprioception; kinesthetic
What does the gamma motor system do?
Modifies the ‘force’ of signals sent from the brain to the muscles. It lets the spinal cord do more than the brain.
The Reticular formation covers
Which part of the brain contains 80% of the neurons?
Cerebellum
What causes Parkinson’s?
The dopamine cells in the substantia nigra die. Rough.
What causes Huntington’s?
GABA neurons die and can’t inhibit GP from inhibiting the subthalamic nucleus. Too much movement.
Constructional apraxia
Can’t draw
Apraxia
Inability to imitate movements or follow directions
What happens during direct pathway induced movement?
GPi normally inhibits the thalamus, but if the GPi gets inhibited by the caudate nucleus and putamen, the GPi can’t do that, which results in more movement.
Indirect pathway induced movement
less movement
Hyper
Quickly stops direct pathway induced movement
