Midterm STUDY DECK (Ch. 1-8, not 5) Flashcards
1
Q
Physiologicial psychology is called _____ nowadays.
A
Behavioral neuroscience
2
Q
Are there rules for using subjects and participants in psychology experiments?
A
Yes! The research must be humane and the participants must give informed consent. All research must also pass the IRB and IACUC. #neuroethics
3
Q
Why do we “see” lights when we rub our eyes?
A
Rubbing your eyes increases the pressure within the eyeball, which activates ganglion cells in the retina in the same way as light does – FIRE THE POTENTIALS!!
4
Q
Is the speed of nerve conduction the same as the speed of light?
A
Nope.
5
Q
True or false: the further away the neuron is from the brain, the slower it takes to for the action potential to travel there.
A
True
6
Q
The CNS is made up of:
A
brain, spinal cord, nerves
7
Q
The PNS is made up of:
A
sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
8
Q
Parts of the neuron:
A
Soma
Axon
Dendrites
Terminal buttons
9
Q
The ____ of the neuron contains the nucleus
A
soma
10
Q
The ____ of the neuron carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons
A
axon
11
Q
Purpose of the dendrites:
A
Receive messages from other neurons’ terminal buttons. Synapse!!
12
Q
Which part of the neuron secretes neurotransmitters?
A
The terminal buttons, obviously
13
Q
What is axoplasmic transport?
A
An active process that propels substances along microtubule tracks that run inside the length of the axon
14
Q
Anterograde axoplasmic transport is accomplished by _____ protein.
A
kinesin
15
Q
Retrograde axoplasmic transport is accomplished by _____ protein.
A
dynein
16
Q
Autoreceptor
A
A receptor molecule located on a presynaptic neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
17
Q
What is the area postrema?
A
The weak part of the blood brain barrier (bonus points: it controls vomiting by detecting toxic substances entering the blood)
18
Q
What does the blood brain barrier do?
A
It is a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the composition of the ECF and keeps messages from being disrupted
19
Q
The ______ is the powerhouse of the cell, producing ___
A
mitochondria; ATP
20
Q
Supporting cells of the CNS:
A
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
21
Q
Functions of astrocytes:
A
Physical support
Clean up crew via phagocytosis
Produce chemicals and provide nourishment (lactate + glycogen)
22
Q
Functions of oligodendrocytes:
A
Provide support to axons
Produce myelin sheath for CNS
23
Q
Functions of the microglia:
A
Phagocytes
Immune system – inflammation!
24
Q
What cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?
A
Oligodendrocytes
25
What cells produce the myelin sheath in the PNS?
Schwann cells
26
What is the space between the myelin sheaths called?
The node of Ranvier?
27
Inside the axon, the resting potential is ____mV
-70
28
Hyperpolarization occurs when the membrane potential increases/decreases.
increases
29
Depolarization occurs when the membrane potential increases/decreases
decreases
30
When the inside of an axon is more negatively charged than the outside, ________ occurs.
hyperpolarization
31
When the inside of an axon is more positively charged than the outside, ______ occurs.
depolarization
32
What causes an action potential?
A burst of rapid depolarization followed by hyperpolarization
33
Describe diffusion
Molecules move from high to low to achieve equilibrium
34
Describe electrostatic pressure
The force exerted by the attraction/repulsion of ions
Opposites attract; identical repulse
35
Positive ions (give two examples)
Cations -- Na+ K+
36
Negative ions (give two examples)
Anions -- Cl- A-
37
Which has more sodium in it -- ECF or ICF?
ECF
38
Explain the A-
It's stuck in the ICF. Can't get out. End of story.
39
Explain the Cl-
It's mostly in the ECF, but diffusion pushes it into the cell, but then BANG, electrostatic pressure pushes it back out like a boss.
40
Explain the Na+
Mostly extracellular, diffusion and electrostatic pressure pull it in the cell
41
Explain the K+
Mostly kept inside, but diffusion pushes out while electrostatic pressures forces it back in
42
So...how does the cell keep most of the Na+ outside, even though both forces want it inside?
Well, the membrane is helpful, but it's mostly the sodium-potassium pump's doing.
43
The sodium-potassium pump exchanges _ Na+ for _ K+.
3; 2
44
Explain the rate law
More potentials shot off = more intense stimulus
45
Explain the all-or-nothing law
An action potential either shoots or it don't
46
True or false: The action potential gets retriggered at each node of ranvier.
TRUE
47
Saltatory conduction
the rapid method by which nerve impulses move down a myelinated axon with excitation occurring only at nodes of Ranvier
48
How does Novocaine work?
Blocks the Sodium channels so that the cell can't fire.
49
Cranial nerves mnemonic:
OOOTTAFVGVAH
50
Two parts of the forebrain:
telencephalon (cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland)
51
Parts of the telencephalon
Cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
52
Parts of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
53
The midbrain is also called the _______.
mesencephalon
54
The mesencephalon contains the _______ and ______.
tectum; tegmentum
55
The neural axis goes from _____ to ____.
bottom of spinal cord to front of forebrain
56
What is the real name of the epidural in childbirth?
Caudal block
57
The superior and inferior colliculi are located in the ______.
Tectum
58
The inferior colliculi are part of the ______ system
auditory
59
The superior colliculi are part of the _____ system
visual
60
The LGN/MGN is located in the ________ and is part of the visual system.
LGN; thalamus
61
The LGN/MGN is located in the ______ and is part of the auditory system
MGN
62
Which lobe is the M1 (primary motor cortex) stripe located on?
Frontal
63
Which lobe is the S1 (primary somatosensory cortex) stripe located on?
Parietal
64
Which lobe is the V1 located?
Occipital
65
Which lobe is the V2 located?
Occipital
66
Which lobe is the auditory cortex located?
Temporal
67
Broca's area is located on the _____ lobe.
frontal
68
Wernicke's area is located on the ______ lobe
Temporal
69
The prefrontal cortex is located on the _____ lobe
Frontal
69
The premotor cortex is located on the _____ lobe
frontal
70
Drug
An exogenous chemical not necessary for normal cellular functioning that significantly alters the functions of certain cells of the body when taken in relatively low doses
71
Antagonist
Drug that stops vesicles from dumping their NTs
72
Agonist
Drug that triggers the dumping of NTs
73
Direct agonist
Drug acts like a real NT and binds to post synaptic receptors -- like a key!
74
Direct Antagonist
Drug that can bind to postsynaptic receptors but doesn't open ion channels (wrong key that gets stuck)
75
Indirect Antagonist
Drug binds to a secondary binding site and stops the ion channels from opening
76
Direct agonist
Drug binds to a secondary binding site and helps/boosts it
77
If you block the autoreceptors, you have an agonist/antagonist
agonist (double negative)
78
If you stimulate the autoreceptors, you have an agonist/antagonist
antagonist (double negative)
79
The part of the main terminal button that is sensitive to the axoaxonic terminal button is called the _______ ________.
presynaptic heteroreceptors
80
True or false: Usually when the autoreceptors of dendrites release NTs, it serves to slow down the firing rate of the neuron.
True
81
When you block dendritic receptors, it's an agonist/antagonist
agonist
82
When you stimulate dendritic receptors, it's an agonist/antagonist
antagonist
83
Enzymes control the steps in synthesizing NTs. If a drug inactivates one of these enzymes, then it is an agonist/antagonist.
antagonist
84
Making more of a precursor to an NT is a agonist/antagonist.
agonist
85
If you slow down reuptake, it has an agonist/antagonist effect.
agonist
86
If you block the enzymes that destroy NTs, then it has an agonist/antagonist effect.
agonst
87
To treat myasthenia gravis, you can "turn up" the effects of ACh by preventing __________ from being released.
AChE
88
ACh controls _____ ____ in the PNS
muscular movement
89
ACh controls ______, ______, and _____ in the CNS
REM sleep, learning, memory
90
Botulinum is an agonist/antagonist
antagonist
91
Black widow venom is an agonist/antagonist
agonist
92
What are the 2 types of ACh receptors?
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
93
Tell me everything you know about the ACh receptor muscarinic:
metabotropic -- slower + longer lasting -- BRAIN -- blocked by belladonna
94
Tell me everything you know about the ACh receptor nicotinic:
Isotropic -- fast -- muscles -- blocked by curare
95
Which two amino acids act as neurotransmitters?
Glutamate; GABA
96
Name the monoamines
Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine
97
Is Prozac an agonist or antagonist? What NT does it impact?
Antagonist; serotonin (SSRI)
98
What type of patient would get a dopamine agonist?
Parkinson's
99
What type of patient would get a dopamine antagonist?
Schizo, bipolar, psychosis
100
Is the placebo effect stopped by opiate-blocking drugs?
Yes
101
Glutamate is excitatory/inhibitory
excitatory
102
GABA is excitatory/inhibitory
inhibitory
103
_______ have a "modulating" effect, meaning that it doesn't give actual information, just boosts or reduces it.
Monoamines
104
Peptides get destroyed by ______, not reuptake.
enzymes
105
True or false: Lipids can get through the blood brain barrier
True. Uh oh.
106
Examples of lipids:
cannabinoids, opiods
107
Soluble gases:
nitric oxide
108
The dose-response curve measures the _______ of a drug
effectiveness
109
The most desirable drug has a high/low affinity for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and a high/low affinity for sites of action that produce toxic effects.
high; low
110
Tell me about the rods in your eyes.
night vision, monochromatic, 120million of them, peripheral retina, poor acuity
111
Tell me about the cones in your eyes.
daytime vision, colors, fovea, high acuity
112
What is the last layer in the retina?
Ganglion cells
113
________ cells have center-surround receptive fields
Ganglion
114
Pathway from eye --> brain
Optic chiasm, LGN, primary visual cortex, dorsal & ventral stream
115
The ventral stream tells us _____.
what; parietal
116
The dorsal stream tells us _____ and _____.
where, how
117
Describe transduction.
To change from the physical stuff to psychological stuff, such as turning light to neurons firing.
118
Sensory receptors for vision are:
Rods and cones
119
The color red has short/long waves and the color blue has short/long waves.
long; short
120
The hue/color is determined by ______.
wavelength
121
The brightness is determined by ______
intensity
122
The saturation is determined by ______
purity
123
The retina is part of the PNS/CNS
CNS
124
What are saccades?
Jerky eye movements when we move to fixate on different things
125
What are vergence movements?
Eyes roll in or roll out to focus both eyes on a single target
126
Rods/cones synapse with ____ cells, which then synapse with _____ cells.
Bipolar; ganglion
127
The axons of the ganglion cells leave the eye at the _____ ___ and form the ____ ____.
blind spot; optic nerve
128
Rods/cones are at the front/back of the eye, which is not a problem because they are transparent
back
129
Why is it good that our visual fields of our eyes overlap?
3D vision, baby
130
The fovea is full of ____ while the periphery is mostly ____
cones; rods
131
Blindsight occurs when the cortical regions involved in ______ _____ are damaged, but everything else is all good.
conscious perception
132
The LGN has three types of layers:
magnocellular; parvocellular; koniocellular
133
The magnocellular layer of the LGN is good for _____ ______
motion detection
134
The parvocellular layer of the LGN is good for _____ and ______
colors and fine detail
135
The koniocellular sublayer of the LGN is good for the color ____.
blue
136
True or false: The entire left eye sends its info to the right hemisphere
False; each retina is split in 2 and the info crosses over at the optic chiasm.
137
How does the brain use its two eyes to give us 3D vision?
Retinal disparity
138
The 8th cranial nerve is _____.
auditory
139
Why do afterimages occur?
photochemical activity in the retina continues even when the eyes are no longer experiencing the OG stimulus.
140
Hubel and Wiesel discovered that neurons in the visual cortex responded to specific _____.
features
141
V4/V8 are in charge of ____.
color
142
V5 is in charge of ____
motion
143
Which cortices do the initial processing of visual information before sending it out to be further analyzed?
V1 and V2
144
In the striate cortex, information from color-sensitive ganglion cells is transmitted (via LGN) to the _________ ___.
CO blobs
145
Three types of stripes in CO-blob neurons
Thin
Thick
Pale
146
Visual agnosia
Can't recognize an item via sight
147
Prosopagnosia
Face blindness
148
PPA
Parahippocampal place area; located in extrastriate cortex
149
FFA
Fusiform face area; located in extrastriate cortex
150
Pitch has to do with _____
frequency
151
Loudness has to be with ______
amplitude
152
Timbre covers everything else.
Yeah, it does
153
What are the hammer, anvil, stirrup called?
The ossicles
154
Which ossicle connects to the oval window on the cochlea?
Stirrup
155
The organ of corti sits on the ____ ____ and contains the ____ ___.
basilar membrane; hair cells
156
Sensory receptors of the auditory system:
Hair cells
157
The base (where the stirrup connects) registers high/low frequency sounds
High
158
The apex registers high/low frequency sounds
low
159
Name of the mini keyboard in your brain
Tonotopic organization
160
Describe place coding
What part of the basilar membrane is vibrating; works better for higher frequencies
161
Describe rate coding
How many times the hair cells fire; works better for lower frequencies
162
The fundamental frequency is the _____ one, while harmonics are ______.
lowest; higher multiplicities
163
Amusia
tone deaf
164
How does the vestibular system work?
Fluid-filled semicircular canals push on the cupula, which makes hair cells move/fire
165
What are vestibular sacs?
Hair cells buried under a gel-like glob of stuff that contains little rocks
166
What moves the vestibular hair cells?
WEIGHT
167
What is proprioception?
Knowing where your body is
168
Which cranial nerve handles vestibular info?
8th / auditory
169
Glabrous skin
Found on hands, lips, soles. Slow; not as sensitive
170
Sensitivity to pressure and vibration is caused by ______ of skin, which moves dendrites of mechanoreceptors
movement
171
Hairy skin
rapid; more sensitive
172
How do mechanoreceptors fire?
Mechanoreceptors detect stimuli such as touch, pressure, vibration, and sound from the external and internal environments. They contain primary sensory neurons that respond to changes in mechanical displacement, usually in a localized region at the tip of a sensory dendrite.
173
All the senses involve the thalamus, except for ______.
olfaction
174
Five tastes
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
Umami
175
What chemical are we detecting for umami?
MSG/Glutamate
176
Is taste ipsilateral or contralateral?
Ipsilateral
177
Sensory receptor of taste:
Taste buds
178
Where are the olfactory receptors?
Olfactory epithelium
179
What part of the brain processes olfactory information?
The olfactory bulb
180
How can we ID 10,000 smells if we only have 338 types of receptors?
Each of the hundreds of thousands of scents we can detect is made of a mixture of different odor molecules. Each type of molecule may be detected by an array of receptors, creating a puzzle for the brain to solve each time the nose catches a whiff of something new
181
Do you FLEX your muscles?
Nope, just your arm. Take that, gym bros.
182
How do skeletal muscle contract?
Myosin and actin row over each other. SQUIIIESH.
183
Example of a monosynaptic reflex
Doctor whacks your knee with a sledgehammer
184
The stretch receptors in muscles are part of which two senses?
Proprioception; kinesthetic
185
What does the gamma motor system do?
Modifies the ‘force’ of signals sent from the brain to the muscles. It lets the spinal cord do more than the brain.
186
The Reticular formation covers
187
Which part of the brain contains 80% of the neurons?
Cerebellum
188
What causes Parkinson's?
The dopamine cells in the substantia nigra die. Rough.
189
What causes Huntington's?
GABA neurons die and can't inhibit GP from inhibiting the subthalamic nucleus. Too much movement.
190
Constructional apraxia
Can't draw
191
Apraxia
Inability to imitate movements or follow directions
192
What happens during direct pathway induced movement?
GPi normally inhibits the thalamus, but if the GPi gets inhibited by the caudate nucleus and putamen, the GPi can't do that, which results in more movement.
193
Indirect pathway induced movement
less movement
194
Hyper
Quickly stops direct pathway induced movement
