Midterm STUDY DECK (Ch. 1-8, not 5) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Physiologicial psychology is called _____ nowadays.

A

Behavioral neuroscience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are there rules for using subjects and participants in psychology experiments?

A

Yes! The research must be humane and the participants must give informed consent. All research must also pass the IRB and IACUC. #neuroethics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do we “see” lights when we rub our eyes?

A

Rubbing your eyes increases the pressure within the eyeball, which activates ganglion cells in the retina in the same way as light does – FIRE THE POTENTIALS!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is the speed of nerve conduction the same as the speed of light?

A

Nope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false: the further away the neuron is from the brain, the slower it takes to for the action potential to travel there.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The CNS is made up of:

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The PNS is made up of:

A

sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parts of the neuron:

A

Soma
Axon
Dendrites
Terminal buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ____ of the neuron contains the nucleus

A

soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ____ of the neuron carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Purpose of the dendrites:

A

Receive messages from other neurons’ terminal buttons. Synapse!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which part of the neuron secretes neurotransmitters?

A

The terminal buttons, obviously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is axoplasmic transport?

A

An active process that propels substances along microtubule tracks that run inside the length of the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anterograde axoplasmic transport is accomplished by _____ protein.

A

kinesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Retrograde axoplasmic transport is accomplished by _____ protein.

A

dynein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autoreceptor

A

A receptor molecule located on a presynaptic neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the area postrema?

A

The weak part of the blood brain barrier (bonus points: it controls vomiting by detecting toxic substances entering the blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do?

A

It is a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the composition of the ECF and keeps messages from being disrupted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The ______ is the powerhouse of the cell, producing ___

A

mitochondria; ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Supporting cells of the CNS:

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Functions of astrocytes:

A

Physical support
Clean up crew via phagocytosis
Produce chemicals and provide nourishment (lactate + glycogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Functions of oligodendrocytes:

A

Provide support to axons
Produce myelin sheath for CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Functions of the microglia:

A

Phagocytes
Immune system – inflammation!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What cells produce the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the space between the myelin sheaths called?

A

The node of Ranvier?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Inside the axon, the resting potential is ____mV

A

-70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hyperpolarization occurs when the membrane potential increases/decreases.

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Depolarization occurs when the membrane potential increases/decreases

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When the inside of an axon is more negatively charged than the outside, ________ occurs.

A

hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When the inside of an axon is more positively charged than the outside, ______ occurs.

A

depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What causes an action potential?

A

A burst of rapid depolarization followed by hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe diffusion

A

Molecules move from high to low to achieve equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe electrostatic pressure

A

The force exerted by the attraction/repulsion of ions
Opposites attract; identical repulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Positive ions (give two examples)

A

Cations – Na+ K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Negative ions (give two examples)

A

Anions – Cl- A-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which has more sodium in it – ECF or ICF?

A

ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Explain the A-

A

It’s stuck in the ICF. Can’t get out. End of story.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Explain the Cl-

A

It’s mostly in the ECF, but diffusion pushes it into the cell, but then BANG, electrostatic pressure pushes it back out like a boss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Explain the Na+

A

Mostly extracellular, diffusion and electrostatic pressure pull it in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Explain the K+

A

Mostly kept inside, but diffusion pushes out while electrostatic pressures forces it back in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

So…how does the cell keep most of the Na+ outside, even though both forces want it inside?

A

Well, the membrane is helpful, but it’s mostly the sodium-potassium pump’s doing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The sodium-potassium pump exchanges _ Na+ for _ K+.

A

3; 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Explain the rate law

A

More potentials shot off = more intense stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Explain the all-or-nothing law

A

An action potential either shoots or it don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

True or false: The action potential gets retriggered at each node of ranvier.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

the rapid method by which nerve impulses move down a myelinated axon with excitation occurring only at nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How does Novocaine work?

A

Blocks the Sodium channels so that the cell can’t fire.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Cranial nerves mnemonic:

A

OOOTTAFVGVAH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Two parts of the forebrain:

A

telencephalon (cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Parts of the telencephalon

A

Cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The midbrain is also called the _______.

A

mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The mesencephalon contains the _______ and ______.

A

tectum; tegmentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The neural axis goes from _____ to ____.

A

bottom of spinal cord to front of forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the real name of the epidural in childbirth?

A

Caudal block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The superior and inferior colliculi are located in the ______.

A

Tectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The inferior colliculi are part of the ______ system

A

auditory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

The superior colliculi are part of the _____ system

A

visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The LGN/MGN is located in the ________ and is part of the visual system.

A

LGN; thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

The LGN/MGN is located in the ______ and is part of the auditory system

A

MGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Which lobe is the M1 (primary motor cortex) stripe located on?

A

Frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Which lobe is the S1 (primary somatosensory cortex) stripe located on?

A

Parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Which lobe is the V1 located?

A

Occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Which lobe is the V2 located?

A

Occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Which lobe is the auditory cortex located?

A

Temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Broca’s area is located on the _____ lobe.

A

frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Wernicke’s area is located on the ______ lobe

A

Temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

The prefrontal cortex is located on the _____ lobe

A

Frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

The premotor cortex is located on the _____ lobe

A

frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Drug

A

An exogenous chemical not necessary for normal cellular functioning that significantly alters the functions of certain cells of the body when taken in relatively low doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug that stops vesicles from dumping their NTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that triggers the dumping of NTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Direct agonist

A

Drug acts like a real NT and binds to post synaptic receptors – like a key!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Direct Antagonist

A

Drug that can bind to postsynaptic receptors but doesn’t open ion channels (wrong key that gets stuck)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Indirect Antagonist

A

Drug binds to a secondary binding site and stops the ion channels from opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Direct agonist

A

Drug binds to a secondary binding site and helps/boosts it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

If you block the autoreceptors, you have an agonist/antagonist

A

agonist (double negative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

If you stimulate the autoreceptors, you have an agonist/antagonist

A

antagonist (double negative)

79
Q

The part of the main terminal button that is sensitive to the axoaxonic terminal button is called the _______ ________.

A

presynaptic heteroreceptors

80
Q

True or false: Usually when the autoreceptors of dendrites release NTs, it serves to slow down the firing rate of the neuron.

A

True

81
Q

When you block dendritic receptors, it’s an agonist/antagonist

A

agonist

82
Q

When you stimulate dendritic receptors, it’s an agonist/antagonist

A

antagonist

83
Q

Enzymes control the steps in synthesizing NTs. If a drug inactivates one of these enzymes, then it is an agonist/antagonist.

A

antagonist

84
Q

Making more of a precursor to an NT is a agonist/antagonist.

A

agonist

85
Q

If you slow down reuptake, it has an agonist/antagonist effect.

A

agonist

86
Q

If you block the enzymes that destroy NTs, then it has an agonist/antagonist effect.

A

agonst

87
Q

To treat myasthenia gravis, you can “turn up” the effects of ACh by preventing __________ from being released.

A

AChE

88
Q

ACh controls _____ ____ in the PNS

A

muscular movement

89
Q

ACh controls ______, ______, and _____ in the CNS

A

REM sleep, learning, memory

90
Q

Botulinum is an agonist/antagonist

A

antagonist

91
Q

Black widow venom is an agonist/antagonist

A

agonist

92
Q

What are the 2 types of ACh receptors?

A

Nicotinic
Muscarinic

93
Q

Tell me everything you know about the ACh receptor muscarinic:

A

metabotropic – slower + longer lasting – BRAIN – blocked by belladonna

94
Q

Tell me everything you know about the ACh receptor nicotinic:

A

Isotropic – fast – muscles – blocked by curare

95
Q

Which two amino acids act as neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate; GABA

96
Q

Name the monoamines

A

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine

97
Q

Is Prozac an agonist or antagonist? What NT does it impact?

A

Antagonist; serotonin (SSRI)

98
Q

What type of patient would get a dopamine agonist?

A

Parkinson’s

99
Q

What type of patient would get a dopamine antagonist?

A

Schizo, bipolar, psychosis

100
Q

Is the placebo effect stopped by opiate-blocking drugs?

A

Yes

101
Q

Glutamate is excitatory/inhibitory

A

excitatory

102
Q

GABA is excitatory/inhibitory

A

inhibitory

103
Q

_______ have a “modulating” effect, meaning that it doesn’t give actual information, just boosts or reduces it.

A

Monoamines

104
Q

Peptides get destroyed by ______, not reuptake.

A

enzymes

105
Q

True or false: Lipids can get through the blood brain barrier

A

True. Uh oh.

106
Q

Examples of lipids:

A

cannabinoids, opiods

107
Q

Soluble gases:

A

nitric oxide

108
Q

The dose-response curve measures the _______ of a drug

A

effectiveness

109
Q

The most desirable drug has a high/low affinity for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and a high/low affinity for sites of action that produce toxic effects.

A

high; low

110
Q

Tell me about the rods in your eyes.

A

night vision, monochromatic, 120million of them, peripheral retina, poor acuity

111
Q

Tell me about the cones in your eyes.

A

daytime vision, colors, fovea, high acuity

112
Q

What is the last layer in the retina?

A

Ganglion cells

113
Q

________ cells have center-surround receptive fields

A

Ganglion

114
Q

Pathway from eye –> brain

A

Optic chiasm, LGN, primary visual cortex, dorsal & ventral stream

115
Q

The ventral stream tells us _____.

A

what; parietal

116
Q

The dorsal stream tells us _____ and _____.

A

where, how

117
Q

Describe transduction.

A

To change from the physical stuff to psychological stuff, such as turning light to neurons firing.

118
Q

Sensory receptors for vision are:

A

Rods and cones

119
Q

The color red has short/long waves and the color blue has short/long waves.

A

long; short

120
Q

The hue/color is determined by ______.

A

wavelength

121
Q

The brightness is determined by ______

A

intensity

122
Q

The saturation is determined by ______

A

purity

123
Q

The retina is part of the PNS/CNS

A

CNS

124
Q

What are saccades?

A

Jerky eye movements when we move to fixate on different things

125
Q

What are vergence movements?

A

Eyes roll in or roll out to focus both eyes on a single target

126
Q

Rods/cones synapse with ____ cells, which then synapse with _____ cells.

A

Bipolar; ganglion

127
Q

The axons of the ganglion cells leave the eye at the _____ ___ and form the ____ ____.

A

blind spot; optic nerve

128
Q

Rods/cones are at the front/back of the eye, which is not a problem because they are transparent

A

back

129
Q

Why is it good that our visual fields of our eyes overlap?

A

3D vision, baby

130
Q

The fovea is full of ____ while the periphery is mostly ____

A

cones; rods

131
Q

Blindsight occurs when the cortical regions involved in ______ _____ are damaged, but everything else is all good.

A

conscious perception

132
Q

The LGN has three types of layers:

A

magnocellular; parvocellular; koniocellular

133
Q

The magnocellular layer of the LGN is good for _____ ______

A

motion detection

134
Q

The parvocellular layer of the LGN is good for _____ and ______

A

colors and fine detail

135
Q

The koniocellular sublayer of the LGN is good for the color ____.

A

blue

136
Q

True or false: The entire left eye sends its info to the right hemisphere

A

False; each retina is split in 2 and the info crosses over at the optic chiasm.

137
Q

How does the brain use its two eyes to give us 3D vision?

A

Retinal disparity

138
Q

The 8th cranial nerve is _____.

A

auditory

139
Q

Why do afterimages occur?

A

photochemical activity in the retina continues even when the eyes are no longer experiencing the OG stimulus.

140
Q

Hubel and Wiesel discovered that neurons in the visual cortex responded to specific _____.

A

features

141
Q

V4/V8 are in charge of ____.

A

color

142
Q

V5 is in charge of ____

A

motion

143
Q

Which cortices do the initial processing of visual information before sending it out to be further analyzed?

A

V1 and V2

144
Q

In the striate cortex, information from color-sensitive ganglion cells is transmitted (via LGN) to the _________ ___.

A

CO blobs

145
Q

Three types of stripes in CO-blob neurons

A

Thin
Thick
Pale

146
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Can’t recognize an item via sight

147
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face blindness

148
Q

PPA

A

Parahippocampal place area; located in extrastriate cortex

149
Q

FFA

A

Fusiform face area; located in extrastriate cortex

150
Q

Pitch has to do with _____

A

frequency

151
Q

Loudness has to be with ______

A

amplitude

152
Q

Timbre covers everything else.

A

Yeah, it does

153
Q

What are the hammer, anvil, stirrup called?

A

The ossicles

154
Q

Which ossicle connects to the oval window on the cochlea?

A

Stirrup

155
Q

The organ of corti sits on the ____ ____ and contains the ____ ___.

A

basilar membrane; hair cells

156
Q

Sensory receptors of the auditory system:

A

Hair cells

157
Q

The base (where the stirrup connects) registers high/low frequency sounds

A

High

158
Q

The apex registers high/low frequency sounds

A

low

159
Q

Name of the mini keyboard in your brain

A

Tonotopic organization

160
Q

Describe place coding

A

What part of the basilar membrane is vibrating; works better for higher frequencies

161
Q

Describe rate coding

A

How many times the hair cells fire; works better for lower frequencies

162
Q

The fundamental frequency is the _____ one, while harmonics are ______.

A

lowest; higher multiplicities

163
Q

Amusia

A

tone deaf

164
Q

How does the vestibular system work?

A

Fluid-filled semicircular canals push on the cupula, which makes hair cells move/fire

165
Q

What are vestibular sacs?

A

Hair cells buried under a gel-like glob of stuff that contains little rocks

166
Q

What moves the vestibular hair cells?

A

WEIGHT

167
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Knowing where your body is

168
Q

Which cranial nerve handles vestibular info?

A

8th / auditory

169
Q

Glabrous skin

A

Found on hands, lips, soles. Slow; not as sensitive

170
Q

Sensitivity to pressure and vibration is caused by ______ of skin, which moves dendrites of mechanoreceptors

A

movement

171
Q

Hairy skin

A

rapid; more sensitive

172
Q

How do mechanoreceptors fire?

A

Mechanoreceptors detect stimuli such as touch, pressure, vibration, and sound from the external and internal environments. They contain primary sensory neurons that respond to changes in mechanical displacement, usually in a localized region at the tip of a sensory dendrite.

173
Q

All the senses involve the thalamus, except for ______.

A

olfaction

174
Q

Five tastes

A

Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
Umami

175
Q

What chemical are we detecting for umami?

A

MSG/Glutamate

176
Q

Is taste ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

177
Q

Sensory receptor of taste:

A

Taste buds

178
Q

Where are the olfactory receptors?

A

Olfactory epithelium

179
Q

What part of the brain processes olfactory information?

A

The olfactory bulb

180
Q

How can we ID 10,000 smells if we only have 338 types of receptors?

A

Each of the hundreds of thousands of scents we can detect is made of a mixture of different odor molecules. Each type of molecule may be detected by an array of receptors, creating a puzzle for the brain to solve each time the nose catches a whiff of something new

181
Q

Do you FLEX your muscles?

A

Nope, just your arm. Take that, gym bros.

182
Q

How do skeletal muscle contract?

A

Myosin and actin row over each other. SQUIIIESH.

183
Q

Example of a monosynaptic reflex

A

Doctor whacks your knee with a sledgehammer

184
Q

The stretch receptors in muscles are part of which two senses?

A

Proprioception; kinesthetic

185
Q

What does the gamma motor system do?

A

Modifies the ‘force’ of signals sent from the brain to the muscles. It lets the spinal cord do more than the brain.

186
Q

The Reticular formation covers

A
187
Q

Which part of the brain contains 80% of the neurons?

A

Cerebellum

188
Q

What causes Parkinson’s?

A

The dopamine cells in the substantia nigra die. Rough.

189
Q

What causes Huntington’s?

A

GABA neurons die and can’t inhibit GP from inhibiting the subthalamic nucleus. Too much movement.

190
Q

Constructional apraxia

A

Can’t draw

191
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to imitate movements or follow directions

192
Q

What happens during direct pathway induced movement?

A

GPi normally inhibits the thalamus, but if the GPi gets inhibited by the caudate nucleus and putamen, the GPi can’t do that, which results in more movement.

193
Q

Indirect pathway induced movement

A

less movement

194
Q

Hyper

A

Quickly stops direct pathway induced movement