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PSYC 251: Physiological Psychology > Chapter 15: The Developing Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 15: The Developing Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Explain development of the CNS

A

Begins early in embryo as a hollow tube, which then elongates, forms pockets and folds, and thickens until the final form is reached.

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2
Q

When the neural tube does not completely close during development, what disease occurs?

A

spina bifida

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3
Q

What are the stem cells that give rise to the CNS?

A

Progenitor cells

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4
Q

Where does development of the cerebral cortex take place?

A

Ventricular zone

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5
Q

Development of the cerebral cortex occurs from the _______ ___.

A

Inside out

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6
Q

Steps in prenatal brain development of the cerebral cortex:

A

1.) Symmetrical division
2.) Asymmetrical division
3.) Apoptosis of progenitor cells

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7
Q

What does symmetrical division produce?

A

2 progenitor cells

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8
Q

What does asymmetrical division produce?

A

1 progenitor cell and 1 radial glial cell

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9
Q

What activates apoptosis?

A

Capase

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10
Q

After asymmetrical division, radial glial cells stack up like wheel spokes to the ___ ______.

A

pia mater

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11
Q

How did we get such big, complex brains, dog?

A

Genetic duplication?
More symmetrical divisions?
Longer period of asymmetrical division?

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12
Q

The brain continues to develop after birth until roughly age ___

A

25

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13
Q

What three things can affect brain development?

A

Experience, genetics, neurogenesis

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14
Q

Two places where neurogenesis occurs in the fully developed brain:

A

1.) Hippocampus
2.) Olfactory Bulb

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15
Q

Teratogen

A

Agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo

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16
Q

_____ are a common cause of intellectual disability

A

Toxins

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17
Q

Example of toxins:

A

Viruses, adverse drug effects, alcohol, lead

18
Q

True or false: alcohol disrupts typical brain development.

A

True, can cause fetal alcohol syndrome because it interferes with neural adhesion protein

19
Q

For teratogens, the ___/__ week of pregnancy is the most important.

20
Q

Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) can result in changes in the ______ and _____ structure of the baby

A

face; brain

21
Q

Inherited metabolic disorder:

A

Inherited mutations in the synthesis of some enzymes can cause brain damage or impair development

22
Q

The most common inherited metabolic disorder is _____.

23
Q

Those with ___ lack the enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine.

24
Q

_________ is a congenital disorder that results in abnormal development of the brain, producing intellectual disability in varying degrees caused by the presence of an extra ___ chromosome.

A

Down Syndrome; 21st

25
Q

Some stereotyped symptoms of ASD:

A

Failure to develop typical social relations
Impaired development of communicative ability
Repetitive stereotyped behaviors
Fixated interests
Inflexible adherence to routines

26
Q

ASD is four times more common in males/females

27
Q

ASD appears to be caused by genetics/environment

A

genetic mutation, especially those that interfere with neural development and communication

28
Q

Neural basis of ASD symptoms

A

Mirror neurons (imitating others), FFA (faces/expressions), STS (biological motion), medial prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia (repetitive behaviors)

29
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

A theory of mind includes the knowledge that others’ beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, and thoughts may be different from one’s own

30
Q

The behavioral characteristics of ASD appear to be exaggerations of female/male brain traits due to prenatal exposure to ________.

A

Male; androgen

31
Q

Changes in _______ signaling may be involved in ASD behavioral characteristics due to lower levels of ______.

A

neuropeptide; oxytocin (love/war/belonging chemical)

32
Q

Children with ASD have abnormally slow/rapid brain growth until 2-3 years of age, and then abnormally slow/rapid growth.

A

rapid; slow

33
Q

How many ADHD symptoms must a person have to be diagnosed?

A

6/9 or more for at least 6 months

34
Q

Symptoms of ADHD

A

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

35
Q

It is better/worse to reinforce children with ADHD ASAP.

36
Q

Medication for ADHD

A

Amphetamine
Methylphenidate

37
Q

Those with ADHD may not be getting enough ______ when they perform a life affirming task

38
Q

Ritalin follows an ________ _ curve, which explains why we give a stimulant to ADHD peeps

A

Inverted U

39
Q

Causes of ADHD

A

underactivity of
dopaminergic transmission in prefrontal cortex, genes

40
Q

Brain changes in those with ADHD:

A
  • Decreased total brain volume
  • Damage to PFC: working memory
41
Q

Those with ADHD have a larger/smaller working memory

PSYC 251: Physiological Psychology (14 decks)

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