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PSYC 251: Physiological Psychology > Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

The outer layer of the brain is called the ______.

A

Cortex

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2
Q

The neuroaxis runs from the _______ to the _____.

A

bottom of the spinal cord; front of the forebrain

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3
Q

Rostral

A

toward the front of face

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4
Q

Caudal

A

away from the front of the face

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5
Q

Dorsal

A

Top of the head and back of body

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6
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom of skull and front of body

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7
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side

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8
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle

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9
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Refers to structures on the same side of the body

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10
Q

Contralateral

A

Refers to structures on opposite sides of the body

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11
Q

Three ways to slice the nervous system:

A

Cross sections (coronal), horizontal sections, sagittal sections

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12
Q

Sagittal Section slices the brain ______.

A

right down the middle

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13
Q

Cross sectional slices the brain ______

A

longwise, like a loaf of bread

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14
Q

Horizontal sections slice the brain ________.

A

from right to left

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15
Q

The afferent pathways travel from the ________ to the _______.

A

Sensory neurons (body); brain

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16
Q

The efferent pathways travel from the ________ to the ________.

A

brain; motor neurons (body)

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17
Q

Distal

A

“Soooooo faarrr awaaaayyy” –A7x

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18
Q

Proximal

A

Nearby

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19
Q

Meninges

A

Protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

The most outer layer of the meninges

A

Dura mater

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21
Q

Middle layer of the meninges

A

arachnoid membrane

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22
Q

Most inner layer of the meninges

A

Pia mater

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23
Q

The ____ ____ layer of the meninges is around every surface, like a soft wet tissue.

A

Pia mater

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24
Q

The gap filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the meninges is called _________ ____.

A

Subarachnoid space

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25
Q

The subarachnoid space is located between the _______ and the ________.

A

Arachnoid membrane; pia mater

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26
Q

Ventricles

A

A series of hollow, interconnected chambers that produce and contain CSF.

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27
Q

The largest ventricle

A

Lateral

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28
Q

The ventricles that divide surrounding parts of brain into symmetrical halves

A

Third

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29
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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30
Q

True or false: The brain floats in a bath of CSF within the subarachnoid space

A

True

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31
Q

What part of the ventricle produces the CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

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32
Q

What do the arachnoid granulations do?

A

Reabsorb CSF in the ventricles of the brain

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33
Q

Obstructive hydrocephalus

A

Expanded walls of ventricles; too much CSF. obstruction can produce brain damage

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34
Q

Three major divisions of the CNS:

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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35
Q

Subdivisions of the forebrain:

A

Telencephalon; Diencephalon

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36
Q

The telencephalon contains the ______ ventricle

A

Lateral

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37
Q

The diencephalon contains the _______ ventricle

A

Third

38
Q

The forebrain/midbrain/hindbrain contains the cerebral aqueduct

A

midbrain

39
Q

The _____ ventricle is located in the hindbrain

A

Fourth

40
Q

Subdivisions of the hindbrain:

A

Metencephalon; myelencephalon

41
Q

Subdivision of the midbrain:

A

Mesencephalon

42
Q

What are the principle structures in the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

43
Q

What are the principle structures in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

44
Q

What are the principle structures in the mesencephalon?

A

Tectum, tegmentum

45
Q

What are the principle structures in the metencephalon?

A

Cerebellum, pons

46
Q

What are the principle structures in the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla oblongata

47
Q

Four lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

48
Q

Three parts of the sensory cortex:

A

Primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory

49
Q

The primary visual cortex receives _____ information

A

visual

50
Q

The primary auditory cortex receives _______ information

A

auditory

51
Q

The primary somatosensory receives information from the body senses EXCEPT ________ and ________

A

olfaction; gustation

52
Q

What happens in the sensory association cortex of the telencephalon?

A

Receives info from each primary sensory area, circuits of neurons analyze info, perception takes place and memories are stored.

53
Q

True or false: Regions of the sensory association cortex close to primary sensory areas can receive info from any sensory system.

A

False; they can only receive info from one sensory system

54
Q

Lateralized functions of the cerebral hemispheres are located _________________.

A

primarily on one side of the brain

55
Q

Generally speaking, the left/right hemisphere analyzes information, while the left/right hemisphere synthesizes the information.

A

left; right

56
Q

What connects the corresponding parts of the cerebral cortex of left and right hemispheres?

A

The corpus callosum

57
Q

The limbic system is located around the ______ edge of the cerebral hemispheres

A

medial

58
Q

The hippocampus and the amygdala are both parts of the _______ _______.

A

limbic system

59
Q

Some of the functions the limbic system is involved in include:

A

learning, memory, emotions

60
Q

What is the group of subcortical nuclei in the forebrain called?

A

Basal ganglia

61
Q

The basal ganglia are involved in the control of _________.

A

movement

62
Q

The sensory cortex, motor cortex, sensory association cortex, and motor association cortex are all located in the _________ of the telencephalon of the forebrain.

A

Cerebral cortex

63
Q

The motor cortex is located in front of/behind the primary somatosensory cortex.

A

in front of

64
Q

The sensory/motor cortex is most directly involved in the control of movement

A

motor

65
Q

Where is the motor association cortex located on the cerebral cortex? (i.e. lobe and what is it next to?)

A

Region of the frontal lobe rostral to primary motor cortex

66
Q

What functions are the motor association cortex involved in?

A

Planning and execution of movements

67
Q

The diencephalon surrounds the ________ ventricle.

A

Third

68
Q

Purpose of the thalamus:

A

Projects information to specific regions of cerebral cortex and receives information about it; “relay station” of the brain

69
Q

Which two systems are controlled by the hypothalamus?

A

Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

70
Q

Which part of the brain produces and controls the secretion of hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

71
Q

True or false: The hypothalamus organizes behaviors related to the survival of the species

A

True

72
Q

Which layer of the meninges is found in the CNS, but not the PNS?

A

Arachnoid membrane (and the subarachnoid space)

73
Q

Describe the journey of CSF from the lateral ventricle to the superior sagittal sinus vein

A

Lateral –> third –> cerebral aqueduct –> fourth–>openings–>subarachnoid space–>reabsorbed into blood supply through arachnoid granulations–>superior sagittal sinus

74
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves attached to the ventral surface of the brain, mostly serving the sensory and motor functions of the head/neck region

75
Q

The _______ nerve regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

Vagus (10th)

76
Q

Olfactory information is received via ________ _____.

A

olfactory bulbs

77
Q

Order of the cranial nerves:

A

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

78
Q

The 8th cranial nerve is ______.

A

auditory

79
Q

The 10th cranial nerve is _______.

A

vagus

80
Q

The 1st cranial nerve is _______

A

olfactory

81
Q

The 2nd cranial nerve is ______

A

optic

82
Q

The 3rd, 4th, and 6th cranial nerves control ____ _______

A

eye movements

83
Q

The spinal nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the _______ or the _________ _______ they innervate, branching repeatedly as they go

A

muscles; sensory receptors

84
Q

_______ axons of the spinal nerves bring information inward, toward the CNS and the dorsal root.

A

Afferent

85
Q

________ axons of the spinal nerves send information outward, toward the ventral root

A

Efferent

86
Q

The autonomic nervous system is the branch of the PNS concerned with the regulation of ________ _______, and ______.

A

smooth muscle; cardiac muscle; glands

87
Q

The somatic nervous system of the PNS ___________ and ________

A

receives sensory information; controls movement of skeletal muscle

88
Q

Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system:

A

sympathetic division; parasympathetic division

89
Q

The parasympathetic division of the ANS increases/decreases the body’s supply of stored energy and coordinates _________ responses.

A

increases; rest and relax

90
Q

The sympathetic division of the ANS controls functions that accompany _______ and ________ __ ________ and coordinates ________ responses.

A

arousal; expenditure of energy; fight, flight, or freeze

91
Q

Parts of the Sympathetic branch of the ANS:

A

Spinal nerves (from thoracic and lumbar regions) and sympathetic ganglia

92
Q

Parts of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS:

A

Cranial nerves (3rd, 7th, 9th, 10th), spinal nerves (from sacral region), parasympathetic ganglia

PSYC 251: Physiological Psychology (14 decks)

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