Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
The outer layer of the brain is called the ______.
A
Cortex
2
Q
The neuroaxis runs from the _______ to the _____.
A
bottom of the spinal cord; front of the forebrain
3
Q
Rostral
A
toward the front of face
4
Q
Caudal
A
away from the front of the face
5
Q
Dorsal
A
Top of the head and back of body
6
Q
Ventral
A
Bottom of skull and front of body
7
Q
Lateral
A
Toward the side
8
Q
Medial
A
Toward the middle
9
Q
Ipsilateral
A
Refers to structures on the same side of the body
10
Q
Contralateral
A
Refers to structures on opposite sides of the body
11
Q
Three ways to slice the nervous system:
A
Cross sections (coronal), horizontal sections, sagittal sections
12
Q
Sagittal Section slices the brain ______.
A
right down the middle
13
Q
Cross sectional slices the brain ______
A
longwise, like a loaf of bread
14
Q
Horizontal sections slice the brain ________.
A
from right to left
15
Q
The afferent pathways travel from the ________ to the _______.
A
Sensory neurons (body); brain
16
Q
The efferent pathways travel from the ________ to the ________.
A
brain; motor neurons (body)
17
Q
Distal
A
“Soooooo faarrr awaaaayyy” –A7x
18
Q
Proximal
A
Nearby
19
Q
Meninges
A
Protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord
20
Q
The most outer layer of the meninges
A
Dura mater
21
Q
Middle layer of the meninges
A
arachnoid membrane
22
Q
Most inner layer of the meninges
A
Pia mater
23
Q
The ____ ____ layer of the meninges is around every surface, like a soft wet tissue.
A
Pia mater
24
Q
The gap filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the meninges is called _________ ____.
A
Subarachnoid space
25
The subarachnoid space is located between the _______ and the ________.
Arachnoid membrane; pia mater
26
Ventricles
A series of hollow, interconnected chambers that produce and contain CSF.
27
The largest ventricle
Lateral
28
The ventricles that divide surrounding parts of brain into symmetrical halves
Third
29
What connects the third and fourth ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct
30
True or false: The brain floats in a bath of CSF within the subarachnoid space
True
31
What part of the ventricle produces the CSF?
Choroid plexus
32
What do the arachnoid granulations do?
Reabsorb CSF in the ventricles of the brain
33
Obstructive hydrocephalus
Expanded walls of ventricles; too much CSF. obstruction can produce brain damage
34
Three major divisions of the CNS:
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
35
Subdivisions of the forebrain:
Telencephalon; Diencephalon
36
The telencephalon contains the ______ ventricle
Lateral
37
The diencephalon contains the _______ ventricle
Third
38
The forebrain/midbrain/hindbrain contains the cerebral aqueduct
midbrain
39
The _____ ventricle is located in the hindbrain
Fourth
40
Subdivisions of the hindbrain:
Metencephalon; myelencephalon
41
Subdivision of the midbrain:
Mesencephalon
42
What are the principle structures in the telencephalon?
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
43
What are the principle structures in the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus
44
What are the principle structures in the mesencephalon?
Tectum, tegmentum
45
What are the principle structures in the metencephalon?
Cerebellum, pons
46
What are the principle structures in the myelencephalon?
Medulla oblongata
47
Four lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
48
Three parts of the sensory cortex:
Primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory
49
The primary visual cortex receives _____ information
visual
50
The primary auditory cortex receives _______ information
auditory
51
The primary somatosensory receives information from the body senses EXCEPT ________ and ________
olfaction; gustation
52
What happens in the sensory association cortex of the telencephalon?
Receives info from each primary sensory area, circuits of neurons analyze info, perception takes place and memories are stored.
53
True or false: Regions of the sensory association cortex close to primary sensory areas can receive info from any sensory system.
False; they can only receive info from one sensory system
54
Lateralized functions of the cerebral hemispheres are located _________________.
primarily on one side of the brain
55
Generally speaking, the left/right hemisphere analyzes information, while the left/right hemisphere synthesizes the information.
left; right
56
What connects the corresponding parts of the cerebral cortex of left and right hemispheres?
The corpus callosum
57
The limbic system is located around the ______ edge of the cerebral hemispheres
medial
58
The hippocampus and the amygdala are both parts of the _______ _______.
limbic system
59
Some of the functions the limbic system is involved in include:
learning, memory, emotions
60
What is the group of subcortical nuclei in the forebrain called?
Basal ganglia
61
The basal ganglia are involved in the control of _________.
movement
62
The sensory cortex, motor cortex, sensory association cortex, and motor association cortex are all located in the _________ of the telencephalon of the forebrain.
Cerebral cortex
63
The motor cortex is located in front of/behind the primary somatosensory cortex.
in front of
64
The sensory/motor cortex is most directly involved in the control of movement
motor
65
Where is the motor association cortex located on the cerebral cortex? (i.e. lobe and what is it next to?)
Region of the frontal lobe rostral to primary motor cortex
66
What functions are the motor association cortex involved in?
Planning and execution of movements
67
The diencephalon surrounds the ________ ventricle.
Third
68
Purpose of the thalamus:
Projects information to specific regions of cerebral cortex and receives information about it; "relay station" of the brain
69
Which two systems are controlled by the hypothalamus?
Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
70
Which part of the brain produces and controls the secretion of hormones?
Hypothalamus
71
True or false: The hypothalamus organizes behaviors related to the survival of the species
True
72
Which layer of the meninges is found in the CNS, but not the PNS?
Arachnoid membrane (and the subarachnoid space)
73
Describe the journey of CSF from the lateral ventricle to the superior sagittal sinus vein
Lateral --> third --> cerebral aqueduct --> fourth-->openings-->subarachnoid space-->reabsorbed into blood supply through arachnoid granulations-->superior sagittal sinus
74
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of nerves attached to the ventral surface of the brain, mostly serving the sensory and motor functions of the head/neck region
75
The _______ nerve regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Vagus (10th)
76
Olfactory information is received via ________ _____.
olfactory bulbs
77
Order of the cranial nerves:
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
78
The 8th cranial nerve is ______.
auditory
79
The 10th cranial nerve is _______.
vagus
80
The 1st cranial nerve is _______
olfactory
81
The 2nd cranial nerve is ______
optic
82
The 3rd, 4th, and 6th cranial nerves control ____ _______
eye movements
83
The spinal nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the _______ or the _________ _______ they innervate, branching repeatedly as they go
muscles; sensory receptors
84
_______ axons of the spinal nerves bring information inward, toward the CNS and the dorsal root.
Afferent
85
________ axons of the spinal nerves send information outward, toward the ventral root
Efferent
86
The autonomic nervous system is the branch of the PNS concerned with the regulation of ________ _______, and ______.
smooth muscle; cardiac muscle; glands
87
The somatic nervous system of the PNS ___________ and ________
receives sensory information; controls movement of skeletal muscle
88
Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system:
sympathetic division; parasympathetic division
89
The parasympathetic division of the ANS increases/decreases the body's supply of stored energy and coordinates _________ responses.
increases; rest and relax
90
The sympathetic division of the ANS controls functions that accompany _______ and ________ __ ________ and coordinates ________ responses.
arousal; expenditure of energy; fight, flight, or freeze
91
Parts of the Sympathetic branch of the ANS:
Spinal nerves (from thoracic and lumbar regions) and sympathetic ganglia
92
Parts of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS:
Cranial nerves (3rd, 7th, 9th, 10th), spinal nerves (from sacral region), parasympathetic ganglia
