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PSYC 251: Physiological Psychology > Chapter 16: Neurological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Neurological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Tumor

A

A mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function

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2
Q

Encapsulated tumors are ______

A

benign

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3
Q

Non-encapsulated tumors are _____

A

malignant

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4
Q

The major distinction between malignancy and benignancy is whether the tumor is ____________.

A

encapsulated

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5
Q

Metastases

A

Tumor spreads to another location via bloodstream

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6
Q

Tumors damage brain tissue by two means:

A

Compression
Infiltration

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7
Q

True or false: ANY tumor (malignant or benign) can produce neurological symptoms and threaten the patient’s life

A

True, even a benign tumor occupies space and thus pushes against the brain (compression)

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8
Q

True or false: Neurons can become cancerous

A

FALSE; neuron cells can’t divide…so…

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9
Q

Only the _____ cells of the brain can become cancerous

A

glial

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10
Q

Explain compression of a tumor

A

The tumor grows, occupies space, and pushes against the brain

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11
Q

Explain infiltration of a tumor

A

Invades surrounding area and destroys the cells in its path

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12
Q

Treatments for tumors:

A

Radiation, neurosurgery, chemotherapy, Bevacizumab drug

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13
Q

The Bevacizumab drug inhibits _________.

A

Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels

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14
Q

What is a seizure?

A

A period of sudden, excessive activity of neurons in the brain

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15
Q

If neurons in the motor system are involved, a seizure can cause a _________

A

Convulsion

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16
Q

Nowadays, it is called ___________, not epilepsy.

A

Seizure disorder

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17
Q

_______ seizures have a definite focus or source of irritation (such as scar tissue)

A

Partial

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18
Q

_________ seizures are widespread, involving most of the brain

A

Generalized

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19
Q

Simple partial seizures cause _________

A

changes in consciousness

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20
Q

Complex partial seizures cause ______

A

loss of consciousness

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21
Q

The most severe form of seizure is ______ ___ _______

A

Grand mal seizure

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22
Q

Tell me about the grand mal seizure

A

Generalized, convulsions, aura, AKA tonic-clonic,

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23
Q

Types of generalized seizures:

A

Grand Mal
Petit mal
Atonic

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24
Q

Atonic seizures involve _______ and _____.

A

Loss of muscle tone; temporary paralysis

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25
Q

During the tonic/clonic phase of a grand mal seizure, all the person’s muscles contract forcefully and this rigid posture is held for about 15 seconds.

A

Tonic

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26
Q

During the tonic/clonic phase of a grand mal seizure, the muscles begin trembling and jerking convulsively, eyes rolls, facial muscles contract, and tongue may be bitten.

A

Clonic

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27
Q

Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by ______

A

bleeding in the brain

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28
Q

Ischemic strokes are caused by ______

A

obstructions of the flow of blood

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29
Q

What is thrombus?

A

A blood clot in the blood vessels

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30
Q

Two ways that blood can be obstructed and cause an ischemic stroke

A

Thrombus
Embolus

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31
Q

What is an embolus?

A

A tiny piece of material that breaks off and is carried through the bloodstream until it reaches an alley too small to pass through

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32
Q

What is an infarct?

A

Neurons begin to die due to a lack of blood flow

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33
Q

An immediate cause of neuron death is excessive amounts of _______

A

glutamate

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34
Q

Too much _____ will cause neurons to swell and the microglia will destroy them

A

sodium

35
Q

Treatments for cerebrovascular accidents

A

Medication to reduce blood pressure (hemorrhagic stroke)
Brain surgery
Dissolve or physically remove the blood clot
Anticoagulant drugs (tPA, Desmoteplase)
Antibiotics

36
Q

Ways to minimize brain damage caused by strokes:

A

Clot-dissolving drugs
Remove cerebral occlusions with stent, suction, or corkscrew

37
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Process in which the linings of arteries develop a layer of plaque

38
Q

Atherosclerosis can lead to ______ or ______

A

heart attacks; ischemic strokes

39
Q

True or false: There is no healing after a stroke.

A

False! Drugs, therapy, exercise, sensory stimulation, etc. can all help stroke patients

40
Q

TBI stands for ______

A

traumatic brain injury…dun dun DUNNN

41
Q

Open-head injury occur when _______

A

objects fracture the skull and wound the brain

42
Q

Example of an open-head injury

A

Gunshot

43
Q

Closed-head injuries occur when

A

an object hits your head but do not involve penetration of the brain

44
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) produces neurodegeneration due to ________ ____ _____

A

repeated head trauma

45
Q

CTE symptoms

A

Mood and cognitive impairment
Abnormal tau protein buildup
Reduced brain volume + enlarged ventricles

46
Q

Immediate, primary treatments for TBI typically include reducing _______ and ______ as well as ensuring adequate blood flow to the injured region

A

Swelling; intracranial pressure

47
Q

Fatal contagious brain disease that gives the brain a spongelike appearance

A

TSE (transmissible spongiform encephalopathy)

48
Q

TSE is caused by simple proteins called _______ found in the membrane of neurons

A

prions

49
Q

How is TSE caused?

A

Accumulation of misfolded, abnormal prions proteins signals apoptosis

50
Q

True or false: TSE may be genetic, but most cases are sporadic.

A

True

51
Q

Example of a contagious degenerative disorder

A

TSE

52
Q

Parkinson’s Disease is degeneration of the ____________

A

nigrostriatal system

53
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

muscular rigidity
Slowness of movement
Resting tremor
Postural instability

54
Q

In Parkinson’s, although there is a near-disappearance of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, the surviving dopaminergic neurons show _______

A

Lewy bodies

55
Q

Is Parkinson’s genetic or sporadic?

A

Sporadic

56
Q

Parkinson’s is caused by a gene mutation of chromosome _, which produces an abnormal _________ and _______, and chromosome _, which produces ______

A

4; alpha-synuclein; toxic gain of function
6; parkin

57
Q

Huntington’s Disease is an inherited disorder that causes degeneration of the _______, especially the ____.

A

basal ganglia; putamen

58
Q

Huntington’s Disease involves the death of excitatory/inhibitory neurons in the putamen.

A

inhibitory

59
Q

Huntington’s Disease is a hereditary disorder caused by a dominant gene on chromosome _

A

4

60
Q

Huntington’s Disease produces an abnormally folded protein called _____

A

Huntington

61
Q

In Huntington’s disease, a sequence of bases _ _ _ abounds

A

CAG

62
Q

Treatments for Huntington’s Disease includes:

A

nothing at the moment. : (

63
Q

ALS attacks the _____ ___ and _______

A

spinal cord; cranial nerve motor neurons

64
Q

Symptoms of ALS:

A

Spasticity, exaggerated stretch reflexes, progressive weakness, muscular atrophy, paralysis

65
Q

True or false: ALS is sporadic

A

True

66
Q

Main cause of ALS:

A

Abnormality in RNA editing, which produces too many Ca ions, destroying the cells via apoptosis

67
Q

_____ is an autoimmune demyelinating disease.

A

MS (multiple sclerosis)

68
Q

Progressive MS

A

Slowly gets worse and worse

69
Q

Relapse-remit MS

A

Symptoms increase and decrease

70
Q

Men/women are diagnosed with MS more frequently

A

Women

71
Q

MS may come from a virus, namely ___

A

Mono

72
Q

____ disease is a progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions caused by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.

A

Alzheimer’s

73
Q

Alzheimer’s memory loss is similar to anterograde/retrograde amnesia

A

retrograde

74
Q

Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease:

A

May be hereditary
Mutations

75
Q

Risk factors of Alzheimer’s Disease:

A

TBI, obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, lower levels of formal education

76
Q

Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease:

A

AChE inhibitors; NMDA receptor antagonist (don’t really help much)

77
Q

________ Syndrome is characterized by symptoms of anterograde amnesia caused mostly by environmental factors, such as alcohol

A

Korsakoff’s

78
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome is caused by a __ deficiency, which produces brain damage

A

thiamine (B1)

79
Q

Encephalitis infects the ____

A

entire brain…

80
Q

Meningitis infects the ____

A

Meninges

81
Q

Causes of encephalitis

A

Herpes simplex, polio, rabies, HIV

82
Q

Herpes simplex virus attacks the _____ and ____ lobes

A

frontal; temporal

83
Q

Meningitis is caused by _____ and ____

A

viruses; bacteria

84
Q

Symptoms of meningitis:

A

headache, stiff neck, convulsions, confusion, loss of consciousness

PSYC 251: Physiological Psychology (14 decks)

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