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Midterm | Pharmacodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Study of how the effects of drugs are manifested

A

Pharmacodynamics

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics types

A
  1. Primary effect
  2. Secondary effect
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3
Q

The reason why the drug is
administered

A

Primary effect

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4
Q

Side effect of the drug that
may or may not be desirable.

A

Secondary effect

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5
Q

Medication Effects

A
  1. Therapeutic Effect
  2. Side Effect
  3. Toxic Effect
  4. Idiosyncratic Effect
  5. Allergic Response
  6. Synergistic Effect

SIT SAT

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6
Q

Purpose of the medication

A

Therapeutic Effect

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7
Q

Usually, drug binds to receptor site on cells

A

Therapeutic Effect

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8
Q

Ex. Pain relief, BP control, reduced inflammation

A

Therapeutic Effect

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9
Q

Predictable action or effects of a drug other than the desired

A

Side Effect

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10
Q

Related to the chemical and therapeutic characteristics of the Medication

A

Side Effect

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11
Q

Ex. Nausea, headache, insomnia, dry mouth

A

Side Effect

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12
Q

Poisonous, potentially lethal

A

Toxic Effect

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13
Q

Inadequate excretion, impaired metabolism, overdose, or drug sensitivity

A

Toxic Effect

(DEMO)

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14
Q

Ex. Respiratory depression, kidney failure

A

Toxic Effect

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15
Q

Overreaction, underreaction,
unusual reaction

A

Idiosyncratic Effect

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16
Q

Unknown, unique to individuals

A

Idiosyncratic Effect

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17
Q

Ex.
Sedative causes anxiety
Appetite suppressant increases appetite
Mild stimulant causes extreme excitation

A

Idiosyncratic Effect

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18
Q

Characteristic response to an allergen

A

Allergic Response

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19
Q

Prior sensitization to an initial dose of the medication or one of its components

A

Allergic Response

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20
Q

Ex. Hives, asthma attack, bronchospasm

A

Allergic Response

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21
Q

Responses to combined drugs that differ from their individual effects

A

Synergistic Effect

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22
Q

Chemical or physiological drug interaction

A

Synergistic Effect

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23
Q

Ex. Combination of hypertension medication and diuretic drug causes weakness and fainting

A

Synergistic Effect

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24
Q

It affects the endothelial tissues (inner lining of the blood vessel).

A

Hypertonicity

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25
Q

If it affects the adventitia of the blood vessel, a scar may form in the tunica intima. This thrombus can also be an embolus

A

Formation of thrombus

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26
Q

Due to this lesion, endothelial dysfunction may occur affecting the function of a blood vessel

A

Endothelial lesion

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27
Q

CM can cause damage to the BBB

A

Blood brain barrier

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28
Q

RBC flow: Higher concentration, water will flow out and that can lead to (1) causing (2). The RBC can be deformed due to (3) in rigidity and cannot pass to the (4)

A
  1. crenation
  2. Hemolysis
  3. increase
  4. capillary bed
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29
Q

Vasodilation of the blood vessels can lead to generalized hypotension

A

Vascular effect

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30
Q

It can cause diuresis and dehydration leading to acute renal dysfunction

A

Renal effect

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31
Q

Other side effects of CM

A

Nausea, vomiting, fainting, and sneezing

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32
Q

SIDE EFFECTS OF CONTRAST MATERIAL

A
  1. Hypertonicity
  2. Formation of Thrombus
  3. Endothelial lesion
  4. Damage to the BBB
  5. RBC Flow
  6. Vascular effect
  7. Renal effect
  8. Nausea, vomiting, fainting, and sneezing

BETH RV RN

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33
Q

It is the (1) and (2) obligation of the radiographerto be knowledgeable about any drug that he administers

A
  1. legal
  2. ethical
34
Q

Every detail of an incident, involving incorrect administration of drug must be included in the report. Items to include in the report are as follows:

A
  1. Dosage of drug administered
  2. Name of incorrect drug
  3. Why it was administered
  4. Patient’s reaction
  5. How the error was remedied

DNA RR

35
Q

SPECIAL CONSIDERATION

Check for the patient’s (1), (2), (3) to calculate the dosage for many drugs. This information should be recorded accurately on the patient’s chart.

A
  1. age
  2. height
  3. weight
36
Q

SPECIAL CONSIDERATION

The chart should also include all (1), especially results of (2) and (3) tests. This is to adjust the dosage of the drug if the body could not withstand the prescribed dosage of a certain drug

A
  1. current laboratory data
  2. renal
  3. liver function tests
37
Q

SPECIAL CONSIDERATION

(1) and (2) should also be checked since it might alter the drug effect

A
  1. metabolic changes
  2. physiologic changes
38
Q

SPECIAL CONSIDERATION

The radiographer should obtain a comprehensive (1) from the patient or his family, asking about past reactions to drugs, possible genetic traits that might affect drug response. This includes current use of (2), (3), (4), and (5)

A
  1. family history
  2. other prescription and OTC drugs
  3. illicit drugs
  4. herbal supplements
  5. vitamin supplements
39
Q

SPECIAL CONSIDERATION

(1) can cause serious fatal drug interactions and can dramatically change many drugs’ effects

A

Multiple drug therapies

40
Q

Administration of many drugs at the same time or the administration of excessive drugs, which is mainly observed in elderly patients who suffer from chronic diseases with concomitant pathologies.

A

Polypharmacy

41
Q

Usually used for measuring patient weight when calculating dosage and is also used for measuring medications

A

Metric system

42
Q

When medications are given in the imaging department, a physician (1), (2), and (3).

A
  1. selects the drug
  2. determines the route of administration
  3. prescribes the exact dosage
43
Q

Orders may be (1) or (2) and sometimes be in the form of
(3).

A
  1. written
  2. verbal
  3. standing order
44
Q

Consists of written directions for a specific medication or procedure, signed by a physician, and used only under the specific conditions stated in the order

A

Standing order

45
Q

In preparation for medication administration, these are the steps:

  1. Verify (1) and check the (2). If you have questions about the dosage or the route of administration, check with the physician or the supervisor
  2. Verify (3) and check the (4)
  3. Check for (5) in the chart or obtain a/n (6) from the pt
  4. Remeber to perform (7) before preparing the medication
A
  1. pt identification
  2. order
  3. medication
  4. expiration date
  5. allergies
  6. allergy history form
  7. hand hygiene
46
Q

This includes oral, rectal, and nasogastric route. It applies to medication in which administration is directly into the gastrointestinal tract via oral or rectal sites

A

Enteral route

47
Q

Some lung conditions are treated with inhalation therapy. Liquid medications are vaporized, administered by an inhaler or nebulizer, and inhaled by the patient.

A

Medical inhalation

48
Q

Refers to the application of medication to the surface of the skin. These medications are applied for a local effect.

A

Topical route

49
Q

Used for a systemic effect. These medications are applied to the skin in a paste form or on a small adhesive disk that allow the medication to be absorbed through the skin and into the bloodstream.

A

Transdermal route

50
Q

These medications are placed in the mouth; these are not considered oral or enteral routes. It can be absorbed into the blood through the oral mucosa and are immediately available without having to be digested and absorbed through the stomach or bowel

A

Sublingual and buccal route

51
Q

Medications are injected directly into the body and bypass the GI tract.

A

Parenteral route

52
Q

Parenteral route

Parenteral Equipment:
— (1): the (3) of a needle indicates the diameter of the (3) (opening in injection needle).

A
  1. hypodermic needles
  2. gauge
  3. bore
53
Q

As the gauge number increases, the diameter of the bore —

54
Q

Gauge number with the smallest bore and its purpose

A

30G; transdermal purposes

55
Q

Gauge number with the largest bore and purpose

A

16G; spine (intrathecal), biopsy

56
Q

Gauge size common for CM administration

A

Best: 20G
19-22G: Depends on CM solubility/ viscosity

57
Q

Total Parental Nutrition (TPN) Administration

A

Nasogastric route

58
Q

Nitroglycerine Administration

A

Sublingual route

59
Q

A small hollow tube used for injecting or withdrawing liquids

60
Q

Types of Syringes

A
  1. Standard
  2. Insulin
  3. Tuberculin
61
Q

Standard syringes come in what sizes?

A

3ml, 5ml, and 10ml

62
Q

Designed specially for use with the ordered dose of insulin

A

Insulin syringe

63
Q

Insulin syringes usually have caps that are colored —

64
Q

Narrow syringe, use to administer small or precise doses such as pediatric dosages.

A

Tuberculin syringe

65
Q

Tuberculin syringe should be used for doses of — or less

66
Q

Why should syringe bevels be pointed upwards?

A

Minimizes pain and skin trauma
(Sharp tip of the needle can pierce the skin first)

67
Q

Parenteral injection between the layers of the skin. This method is used to test patient’s sensitivity to contrast media/ allergic reactions

A

Intradermal/ Intracutaneous

68
Q

Site and gauge number for Intradermal/ Intracutaneous

A

Anterior surface of forearm (26G)

69
Q

It instils medications into the fatty tissue layer beneath the skin.

A

Subcutaneous

70
Q

Site and gauge number for subcutaneous

A

Upper arm, 45° angle (23-25G)

71
Q

Syringe used for subcutaneous

72
Q

Intramuscular site for adults

A

Deltoid muscle of the upper arm, the gluteal muscles in the hip area, or the vastus lateralis muscle of the lateral thigh.

73
Q

Intramascular site for 5y/o

A

Vastus lateralis site is preferred because the gluteus muscle is still developing.

74
Q

Intramascular syringe used & gauge size

A

22G; Syringe: >5mlL

75
Q

Example of meds administered intramuscularly

A

Epipen
Pedia vaccine (fastest route of administration and less side effect)

76
Q

Direct injection into a vein if immediate effect of a drug is desired.

A

Intravenous

77
Q

Site for INtravenous

A

Basilic and cephalic vein

78
Q

Involves percutaneous access to the artery by a needle, frequently followed by a catheter placement to permit injection at a specific anatomic site, and usually performed under surgical asepsis

A

Intra-arterial

79
Q

Intra-arterial is specifically used in (1). (2) heal slowly compared to its counterpart, and there are less (3) and bigger (4)

A
  1. angiography
  2. arteries
  3. platelets
  4. vessels
80
Q

It is used when a contrast medium is to be injected through a spinal needle directly into the subarachnoid space

A

Intrathecal / Intraspinal method

81
Q

Intrathecal is when CM is injected directly into the subarachnoid space specifically what safest area?

A

Between L3 and L4 intervertebral space

82
Q

Syringe angulation for deeper veins: (1)

Syringe angulation for superficial veins: (2)

A
  1. towards 90°
  2. at least 25°

214 (11 decks)

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