Midterm FRQ Flashcards
classical conditioning
type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
unconditioned response (UR)
unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
-ex. mouth salivating when food is in it
unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
neutral stimulus (NS)
a stimulus that does not trigger a response
conditioned response (CR)
the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
extinction
diminishing of a conditioned response
-when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus after a rest period
-is conditioned stimulus persisting alone, conditioned response becomes extinct again
stimulus generalization
organism displays conditioned response to a similar stimulus but not identical to the conditioned response
stimulus discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response
taste aversion (learning)
biological constraint on learning in which an organism learns in one trial to avoid a food whos ingestion is followed by illness
Ivan Pavlov
Russian psychologist that developed classical conditioning theory
-conducted famous salivating dogs experiment
John Watson
American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism
-conducted “little Albert” experiment
“Little Albert” experiment
Albert was classically conditioned to fear white rats
-showed emotional behaviors can be conditioned
associative learning
certain events occur together
-two stimuli
-response and consequence
observational learning
learning by observing others
model
pattern, plan, representative, or description to show the structure of something
vicarious learning
learning the consequences of an action by watching others be reinforced or punished for it
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing others do so
antisocial behavior
actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive behavior - opposite of antisocial
Albert Bandura
researcher famous for work in observational learning
-conducted the bobo doll experiment
Bobo doll experiment
kids watched adults play aggressively with an inflatable clown and then played aggressively as well when they had the chance to
-improvised new violence as well
verbal modeling
description of how to properly execute behavior
symbolic modeling
other than a live human
-film, tv, reading, etc
live modeling
watching a real person perform desired behavior
continuous reinforcement
rewarding behavior every time it occurs
fixed interval reinforcement
behavior rewarded after set amount of time
fixed ratio reinforcement
set number of responses must occur before the behavior is rewarded
variable ratio reinforcement
number of responses differ before behavior is rewarded
variable interval reinforcement
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time has passed
negative reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior
positive reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus ti decrease/ stop behavior
positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease/ stop the behavior
partial reinforcement
rewarding behavior only some times
primary reinforcer
has innate reinforcing qualities
-food, water, shelter
secondary reinforcer
no inherent value unless it is linked to something else
-money, stickers, poker chips
shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward target behavior
archival research
using past records or data sets to answer various research questions
clinical or case study
observational research study focusing on one or only a few people
cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
double-blind study
an experiment in which both the researcher and the participants are blind to group assignments
longitudinal research
studies in which the same group is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extending period of time
replicate
repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliablity
single-blind study
researcher knows which participants are in the experimental and control group
survey
list of questions to be answered by research participants allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people
independent variable
influenced or controlled variable by the experimentor
-determines the dependent variable’s result
control group
the basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study
-so that experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
experimental group
designed to answer the research question
-experimental manipulation is the only difference between experimental and control group
