chap 6 retakes Flashcards
Operant conditioning, classical conditioning, latent learning, and observational learning all
result primarily from environmental influences
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associative
The researcher best known for studies that explored classical conditioning
physiologist Ivan Pavlov
In contrast to classical and operant ___________________, in which learning occurs only through direct experience, ___________________learning is the process of watching others and then imitating what they do.
conditioning; observational
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Operant conditioning
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother’s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
instincts
Which of the following is an example of reflex?
a baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked
In Pavlov’s research, the term “conditioned” is approximately synonymous with the word ________.
learned
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:
associative learning
Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n):
UR
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin’s new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:
spontaneous recovery
The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism’s ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective in psychology.
cognitive
Extinction as shown on the graph is best exemplified in Pavlov’s research by
a decline in salivation after just using a bell tone without food
In the graph shown here, CR refers to
a learned response
The learning curve shown here illustrates
classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus
is initially neutral, and then comes to trigger a response.
A good example of a therapeutic application for classical conditioning would be
pairing an aversive stimulus with a drug for someone recovering from drug addiction
Operant conditioning, habituation and sensitization are all examples of learning because they involve
acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors through experience.
A good example of stimulus generalization would be
responding with fear to a white stuffed rabbit after being conditioned to fear a live white rabbit
Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner’s work with “little Albert”?
It would be unethical by today’s research standards.
A disadvantage of primary reinforcers that can be avoided by using secondary reinforcers:
satiation
The work of Thorndike on the Law of Effect best reflected the ______________ school of psychological thought.
behaviorist
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by:
Skinner’s experiments on reinforcement.
A token used in exchange for a food item is an example of
a secondary reinforcer
Negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.
decreases; increases
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
continuous
Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a
high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently.
In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:
generalization
After observing his sibling walk across a balance beam, Joe’s brain reacts in a way that will enable him to imitate the action later. Which part of his brain may be responsible for this?
Mirror Neurons
The violence-viewing effect
includes desensitization to and imitation of aggression
The Bobo doll experiment was devised by which researcher?
Bandura
If you would like your children to learn prosocial behavior
All of the above
The famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated
vicarious reinforcement
Vandalism, theft, and arson are all examples of
antisocial behaviors
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.
Unlike operant conditioning and classical conditioning, observational learning
is not primarily about learning associations between different events.
