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MYCV > midterm examLEC6 - virology > Flashcards

midterm examLEC6 - virology Flashcards

1
Q

study of viruses

A

virology

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2
Q

Importance of Studying Virology

A

Understanding viral evolution and behavior
Control of viral infections
Public health and global security
Economic impact in agricultural and livestock industries

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3
Q

factors under the “understanding of viral evolution and behavior”

A

Predicting future outbreaks
developing effective countermeasures

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4
Q

“Understanding viral evolution and behavior”

How do we able to PREDICT FUTURE OUTBREAKS

A

by studying the evolution of viruses and their interactions with host, scientist can better anticipate and prepare for new viral threats

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5
Q

“Understanding viral evolution and behavior”

How do we able to DEVELOP EFFECTIVE COUNTERMEASURES

A

development of targeted and prevention strategies based on how they behave and evolve

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6
Q

Factors under the CONTROL OF VIRAL INFECTION

A

vaccine development
antiviral drug development
disease prevention and control

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7
Q

“CONTROL OF VIRAL INFECTION”

how vaccine development works?

A

virology research is essential for creating vaccines that protect against viral infection

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8
Q

“CONTROL OF VIRAL INFECTION”

how antiviral drug development works

A

by studying viral replication and structure scientist can develop drugs to inhibit viral growth

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9
Q

“CONTROL OF VIRAL INFECTION”

how disease prevention and control works

A

by understanding how viruses spread and cause disease is crucial for implementing effecting public health measures

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10
Q

factors under “PUBLIC HEALTH AND GLOBAL SECURITY”

A

pandemic preparedness
biosecurity

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11
Q

“PUBLIC HEALTH AND GLOBAL SECURITY”

how do we implement PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS

A

by studying past pandemics helps us prepare for future outbreaks and develop response plans

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12
Q

“PUBLIC HEALTH AND GLOBAL SECURITY”

how BIOSECURITY works

A

by understanding viral threats for protecting against bioterrorism and accidental releases of dangerous viruses

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13
Q

factors under “EGONOMIC IMPACT”

A

agricultural and livestock industries

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14
Q

how agricultural and livestock are affected by viral infection

A

viruses can cause significant economic losses in agriculture and animal husbandry. Studying theses viruses helps develop prevention and control measures

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15
Q

example of viral infection in PH

A

ASF and Bird Flu wherein once infected, they will be depopulated

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16
Q

depopulated means

A

intentional killing of livestock to prevent spreading of infection

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17
Q

An infectious strict obligate intracellular parasite that comprises either DNA or RNA as its genetic material and often surrounded by a protein coat or membrane.

A

virus

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18
Q

can virus live without a host cell?

A

naur

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19
Q

can virus synthesize protein independently?

A

doesn’t synthesize protein independently

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20
Q

Smallest infectious agent

A

virus

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21
Q

how small the virus is?

A

20 nm to 300 nm

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22
Q

they can infect only certain types of cells or tissues

A

viral tropism

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23
Q

Zika virus size

A

0.045 um

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24
Q

nucleic acid of a virus

A

dna OR rna

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25
Q

nucleic acid of cell

A

BOTH dna and rna

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26
Q

Viruses have a FEW proteins that make up their _____ and ‘_____

A

outer coat and internal structure.

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27
Q

Cells have MANY proteins that perform various functions within the cell

true or false

A

true

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28
Q

SOME viruses have a lipid envelope, which is a layer of ______.

A

lipoprotein

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29
Q

Cells have a cell membrane, which is composed of a ___ and
___

A

phospholipid bilayer and proteins.

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30
Q

do Viruses have ribosomes

A

naur, they don’t

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31
Q

Cells have ribosomes, which are responsible for ___synthesis

A

protein

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32
Q

do Viruses have mitochondria

A

naur

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33
Q

Cells generally have mitochondria, which are the “______” of the cell and produce energy.

A

powerhouses

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34
Q

: Viruses may have a few enzymes, but they generally lack the enzymes necessary for
_____

A

independent replication

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35
Q

: Cells have many ___that catalyze various biochemical reactions.

A

enzymes

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36
Q

Viruses cannot replicate on their own. They must invade a host cell and use the host’s machinery to replicate.\

true or false

A

true

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37
Q

Cells can replicate independently through ______ (for prokaryotes) or _______ (for eukaryotes).

A

binary fission; mitosis

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38
Q

size of a Parvoviridae

A

22nm

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39
Q

size of Poxviridae

A

200-450 nm

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40
Q

varying shape of a virus

A

Sphere
Rod
Bullet
Brick

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41
Q

anatomy of a virus where it contains the genome

A

nucleic acid

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42
Q

anatomy of a virus where it is the innermost part

A

nucleic acid

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43
Q

the formation of a nucleic acid of a virus
may be

A

LINEAR or CIRCULAR

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44
Q

anatomy of a virus

A

nucleic acid
capsid
envelope

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45
Q

a protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid

A

capsid

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46
Q

it mediates attachment to host cell receptor

A

capsid

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47
Q

determines host specificity and organ specificity of virus

A

capsid

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48
Q

antibody binding site

A

capsid

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49
Q

Host specificity

Ex. Rabies Virus

it’s host specificity is ___
and the organ specificity is ____

A

acetylcholine receptor
liver

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50
Q

a term for nucleic acid and capsid is called as

A

nucleocapsid

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51
Q

a complete virus particle is called as

A

virion

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52
Q

the lipid that surround the capsid is called as

A

envelope

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53
Q

envelope has lipoprotein, t or f

A

t

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54
Q

responsible for viral entry of into the host through budding

A

envelope

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55
Q

susceptible to drying and destruction in the environment, they typically are transmitted via direct contact (respiratory, sexual, or parenteral contact )

A

envelope

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56
Q

If a virus has an envelope they are unstable to

A

Dryness
Heat/high temp
Detergents
Extreme pH
Liquid solvents

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57
Q

a virus with no envelope is called as

A

Naked viruses

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58
Q

they are resistant to environmental factors. Because of their stability they are typically transmitted via fecal-oral route

A

naked viruses

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59
Q

it is the middle portion of the nucleic acid and envelope that may be enzymatic activities or biologic function related to infection, interaction with host cell proteins

A

matrix protein

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60
Q

spike-like projections on the surface of the envelope of some viruses which attach to the host cell receptor during viral replication

A

glycoprotein spikes

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61
Q

it connects the inside of the virus to the outside which helps the virus interact with the cell it wants to infect

A

matric protein

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62
Q

3 capsid arrangement

A

icosahedral
helical
complex

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63
Q

nucleic acid arrangement

A

linear and circular

64
Q

Arrangement of the capsid identifies the _____ of the virus

A

shape

65
Q

Helical form of capsid of a virus means it’s nucleic acid is always

A

RNA

66
Q

Icosahedral-capsometes arrange in 20 triangles that form a symmetric figure

A

icosahedral

67
Q

Based on the observations of ____, he concluded that all the virus has to make mRNA to effectively replicate no matter what the genome is made of

A

David Baltimore

68
Q

an RNA needed by viruses to effectively replicate no matter what the genome is made of

A

mRNA

69
Q

Based on the chemical nature of the viral genome, the need for mRNA synthesis, and the particular genome replication strategy used, viruses are grouped into _______ different classes

A

seven

70
Q

baltimore classification

Ask these 3 questions
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. type of genetic material, is it DNA or rna
  2. number of strands; is it stranded or doubles stranded
  3. can they make their own mRNA
71
Q

baltimore classification

These viruses act like the cell and make their own mRNA directly from their DNA. (Examples: Adenovirus, Herpesvirus)

A

Class I: Double-Stranded DNA (dsDNA)

72
Q

baltimore classification

They need to make their DNA double-stranded first before using it for mRNA production. (Examples: Parvovirus)

A

Class II: Single-Stranded DNA (ssDNA)

73
Q

baltimore classification

Their RNA acts directly as mRNA, or they can make single-stranded copies for protein building. (Examples: Reovirus)

A

Class III: Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA)
Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA)

74
Q

baltimore classification

Their RNA can be directly used as mRNA. (Examples: Rhinovirus)

A

Class IV (positive-sense RNA):Single-Stranded RNA (ssRNA)

75
Q

baltimore classification

Their RNA needs to be flipped into a positive strand first for mRNA production. (Examples: Influenza virus)

A

Class V (negative-sense RNA):Single-Stranded RNA (ssRNA)

76
Q

baltimore classification

These have RNA, but also carry an enzyme that makes DNA from their RNA. The DNA is then used to make mRNA. (Examples: HIV)

A

Class VI: Positive-sense ssRNA with Reverse Transcriptase

77
Q

baltimore classification

Similar to class VI, they have RNA but make DNA with an enzyme. However, their final genetic material is DNA, not RNA. (Examples: Hepatitis B virus)

A

Class VII: Double-Stranded DNA with Reverse Transcriptase

78
Q

to summarize, what are the classes of baltimore classification

A

CLASS I-dsDNA
CLASS II-ssDNA
CLASS III-dsRNA
CLASS IV-ssRNA (+)
CLASS V-ssRNA (-)
CLASS VI-ssRNA with RT
CLASS VII-dsDNA with RT

79
Q

virus’ Replication occurs only in .

A

living cells

80
Q

May lead to the death of the host cell (virulent viruses) or may occur ______ to the host cell (moderate viruses).

A

without apparent damage

81
Q

viral replication steps

A

early events
middle events
late events

82
Q

early events of viral replication

A

APU

Attachment
penetration
uncoating

83
Q

middle events of viral replication

A

GG
gene expression
gene replication

84
Q

late events of viral replication

A

assembly
release

85
Q

Recognition of a suitable host cell and specific binding between viral capsid proteins (glycoprotein spikes) and the carbohydrate receptors of the host cell.

A

attachment

86
Q

early events where the Viruses enter the host cell

A

penetration

87
Q

a type of penetration of naked viruses

A

direct penetration

88
Q

also referred as virus entry

A

penetration

89
Q

penetration

internalizing of the virus but also leads to fusion between the infected host cell and additional host cells forming multinucleated cells called

A

syncytia

90
Q

a penetration of Enveloped Viruses - cell fusion with the cell membrane via _____

A

endocytosis

91
Q

an early events wherein there’s a Removal of protein coat to free the nucleic acid

A

uncoating

92
Q

Starts at the production and synthesis of mRNA for protein synthesis

A

gene expression

93
Q

gene expression Depends on the ______ and ___ of the nucleic acid

A

type of nucleic acid; polarity

94
Q

Middle event: _______Synthesis

A

Macromolecular

95
Q

dna gene expression takes place for polymerase except what family

A

Except for Poxviridae-gene expression happens in the cytoplasm because they carry their own enzymes)

96
Q

RNA gene expression happens at the _____ because they already carry their own enzyme

A

cytoplasm

97
Q

which polarity of RNA does not need to convert mRNA as they can use the RNA itself to produce proteins

A

positive

98
Q

RNA type with (__) polarity-acts as a template to produce mRNA with the help of RDRP (RNA dependent RNA polymerase). Kailangan muna maconvert to positive sense before translation

A

negative

99
Q

Duplication of many nucleic acids

A

gene replication

100
Q

2 proteins are synthesized by the mRNA

A

early protein
late protein

101
Q

early protein synthesized by the mRNA is for

A

transcription

102
Q

late protein synthesized by the mRNA is for

A

structural components of the virus

103
Q

This is the process of copying DNA into RNA. It usually happens in the cell’s nucleus, but some viruses do it differently. The copied RNA is then changed a bit before being used.

A

transcription

104
Q

This is the process of turning RNA into proteins. It happens outside the nucleus. These new proteins are often sent back into the nucleus to help the virus multiply.

A

translation

105
Q

late event wherein Structural proteins, genomes and viral enzymes are assembled into virus particles.

A

assembly

106
Q

Envelopes are acquired during viral “budding from a host cell membrane

A

assembly

107
Q

Acquisition of an ____is the final step in viral assembly

A

envelope

108
Q

Release of intact virus particles occurs after ___

A

cell lysis or virus particle budding.

109
Q

period of viral infection wherein no detected virus in the cells

A

during eclipse period

110
Q

period of viral infection wherein virus are detected in cell.

Dito na magmanifest of infection. Nagkakaroon na ng cytopathic effect.

A

latent period

111
Q

alteration in the morphological and functional ability of the virus inflicted cells

A

cytopathic effect

112
Q

determinants of the viral disease

what are under the nature of the disease

A

target tissue
portal of entry of virus
access of virus to target tissue
tissue tropism of virus
permissiveness of cells for viral replication
pathogenic activity (strain)

113
Q

Cytopathic effects

A

cell lysis
cell fusion
inclusion bodies

114
Q

presence of appropriate receptors on the surface of the cell determines whether virus can adsorb to it and the virus gets into the cell

A

cellular factors

115
Q

Death of the cell is followed by lysis and release of large numbers of virions.

A

cell lysis

116
Q

Some cause fusion of adjacent cell membranes, leading to syncytium formation by paramyxoviruses

A

cell fusion

117
Q

____ and some retroviruses also give rise to syncytia

A

Herpesviruses

118
Q

structures with distinct size, shape, location and staining properties that can be demonstrated in virus infected cells under the light microscope

A

inclusion bodies

119
Q

may confer new properties on the cells.

A

new cell-surface antigens

120
Q

: viruses such as measles, mumps, adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus and varicella virus cause damage to the chromosomes of host cells

A

damage to the chromosomes of host cells

121
Q

Viruses have evolved mechanisms to continue to survive in the face of a strong host immune response

A

latent and persistent infections

122
Q

2 types of inclusion bodues

A

intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
intranuclear inclusion bodies

123
Q

an inclusion bodies of viruses that have cytoplasmic assemble yield cytoplasmic inclusion

A

intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies

124
Q

Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are found in cells that are infected by

A

These are found in cells infected with
rabies virus (Negri bodies),
vaccinia (Guarneri bodies),
fowl pox (Bollinger bodies),
molluscum contagiosum (molluscum bodies), paramyxoviruses and reoviruses

125
Q

Intranuclear inclusion bodies are seen in cells infected by

A

found in cells infected with herpesviruses, adenoviruses and parvoviruses

126
Q

intranuclear inclusion bodies

were classified into two types by Cowdry (1934)

A

Cowdry type A
Cowdry type B

127
Q

Cowdry type ______ inclusions - variable size and granular appearance (as with herpesvirus, yellow fever virus

A

A

128
Q

Cowdry type ______ inclusions - more circumscribed and often multiple (as with adenovirus, poliovirus)

A

B

129
Q

Some viruses, such as _____ may produce both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic.

A

measles virus and cytomegalovirus

130
Q

phenomenon where a virus enters a dormant or “sleeping” state within a host cell. This allows the virus to persist for long periods without causing any noticeable symptoms.

A

VIRUS LATENCY

131
Q

Virus Latency virus example

A

herpesvirus, CMV, EBV, HBV,

132
Q

viruses that utilizes respiratory transmission

A

paramyxoviruses
influenza viruses
picornaviruses
rhinoviruses
varicella-zoster vvirus
b19 virus

133
Q

viruses that utilizes feco-oral transmission

A

picornaviruses, rotavirus, reovirus, noroviruses, adenovirus

134
Q

viruses that utilizes contact (lesions or fomites ) transmission

A

herpes simplex virus, rhinoviruses, poxvirus, adenovirus

135
Q

viruses that utilizes zoonoses transmission

A

togavirus
flavivirus
bunyavirus
orbivirus
arenavirus
hantavirus
rabies
influenza A
orf (pox)

136
Q

viruses that utilizes blood transmission

A

HIV
HTLV- 1
HBV
HCV
HDV
cytomegalovirus

137
Q

viruses that utilizes sexual transmission

A

blood borne viruses
herpes simplex virus
human papillomavirus
molloscum contangiosum

138
Q

viruses that utilizes congenital transmission

A

rubella
cytomegalovirus
b19
echovirus
herpes simplex
varicella zoster
HIV

139
Q

viruses that utilizes genetic transmission

A

prions
retroviruses

140
Q

Entry: Virions enter through an epithelial surface, - undergo __ replication.

A

limited

141
Q

Migration: migrate to the __where some are taken up by macrophages and inactivated - others enter the bloodstream.

A

regional lymph nodes

142
Q

: Virions which enter the bloodstream

A

Primary viremia

143
Q

: From the blood, the virus gains access to the large reticuloendothelial organs—liver, spleen, and bone marrow—in which it again multiplies, and a large amount of virus is produced which again spills over into the bloodstream

A

Secondary viremia

144
Q

: reaches the target organ through the bloodstream - Multiplication in the target sites produces the distinctive lesions.

A

Target organ

145
Q

\represents the time taken for the virus to spread from the site of entry to the organs of viral multiplication and hence to the target organs for the production of lesions.

A

incubation period

146
Q

incubation period where less than a week and primarily applies to viruses causing localized infections that spread rapidly on mucous sur faces.

A

short incubation period

147
Q

this incubation period has a span of 7-21 days

A

medium incubation period

148
Q

periods measured in weeks or months (e.g. 2–6 weeks for hepatitis A and 6–20 weeks for hepatitis B).

A

long incubation period

149
Q

measured in years, which is why the agents involved were originally termed ‘slow’ viruses. .

A

very long incubation period

150
Q

immunological response to virus infection

A

antibody-mediated immunity

151
Q

non-immunological response to virus infection

A

phagocytosis
fever
hormones
malnutrition
age
interferon

152
Q

__ protects the host against reinfection by the same virus.

A

Humoral immunity

153
Q

which Ig plays a major role in blood and tissue spaces

A

IgG and IgM

154
Q

role of Ig A in immunity

A

secretory IgA antibody is important in protecting against infection by viruses through the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts

155
Q

act as a natural defense mechanism against viral infections as most viruses are inhibited by temperatures above 39°C.

A

fever

156
Q

Careless use of steroids in the treatment of ___ may cause blindness

A

herpetic keratoconjunctivitis

157
Q
A

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