midterm exam Flashcards
what were europeans’ main motives for making voyages of exploration?
to grow wealthy and spread Christianity
why was zheng he important?
he led seven chinese overseas explorations
why was the introduction of european firearms in japan successful?
it corresponded with the warring states period of new feudalism
what were china’s main reason for rejecting british offers of trade?
british merchants refused to kowtow to the emperor
what two main reasons kept china from becoming highly industrialized?
the idea of commerce offended confucian beliefs, and taxes on manufactured goods were high
why was the caravel an important development in navigation?
it was able to sail against the wind
korea was a good vassal state of which country during the 1700s?
china
how did prince henry of portugal influence exploration?
he founded a navigational school on the coast of portugal
why was tokugawa leyasu upset by the success of Christian missionaries?
he feared religious uprisings and Christian interference in politics
what was the purpose of the treaty of tordesillas signed by portugal and spain?
to decrease conflict over the claiming of new lands
where in the americas did christopher columbus land first?
an island in the caribbean sea
what was the primary difference between french and english colonization?
the french were focused on the fur trade; the english were focused on establishing settlements
what helped to increase the slave trade in africa during the seventeenth century?
the spread of islam into africa
who conquered the aztec empire?
hernando cortés
which of the following did NOT aid the spanish in conquering the aztecs?
larger forces
on what assumption was the encomienda system based?
that europeans had the right to demand labor from native americans
why did the english want to take control new netherland?
new netherland separated england’s northern and southern colonies
what was one result of the loss of native lives to disease?
a sever shortage of labor in the colonies
how did slavery on african and muslim societies differ from slavery in the americas?
slavery in the americas was based on race and heredity
what was one effect in europe of the financial success of american colonies?
the prices of goods steadily increased
according to the policy of mercantilism, how could a nation increase its wealth?
it should sell more goods than it buys from other countries
how was africa affected by the atlantic slave trade?
many culture lost their fittest members, and families were torn apart
what problem helped to weaken the spanish empire?
spanish experienced a period of severe inflation and heavy taxes
how did the united provinces of the netherlands differ from neighboring states?
it had elected governors whose power depended on land owes and merchants
how did cardinal richelieu work to increase the power of the bourbon monarchy?
he moved against the huguenots and weakened the power of the nobles
what event led to the war of the spanish succession?
charles II made louis XIV’s grandson his heir, adding to bourbon power
what was the thirty years war a conflict over?
religion, territory and power among european ruling families
why did strong states form more slowly in central europe than in western europe?
they weak empire and poor economies without a middle class
what was the significance of the english bill of rights?
it made clear the limits of royal power
where were some of the things peter the great did to westernize russia?
he raised women’s status and made nobles wear western fashions
what was the reason ivan IV was called ivan the terrible?
he organized a police force that murdered people he considered traitors
how did the puritans finally win the english civil war?
cromwell’s army defeated the royalists, and the puritans held the king prisoner
what did andreas vesalius and voltaire both do?
challenge existing ideas
how did zacharias janssen make anton can leeuwenhoek’s discoveries possible?
he invented the microscope
which of the following men contracted the ideas in the US constitution?
thomas hobbes
how does the main character in richardson’s pamela reflect enlightenment ideas?
she resisted an abuse of authority
in the 1700s, which of the following showed the influence of enlightenment ideas?
all of the above
a woman reading a novel; a woman allowing her child to have a smallpox vaccination; a man attending a salon
which of the following did the censors of the Catholic Church ban?
the encyclopedia
how did the taxation problem in america differ before and after independence?
before were too many british taxes; after we’re not enough national government taxes
how did the declaration of independence embody enlightenment ideals?
it said that people have the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
which of the following might reflect the neoclassical style?
a simple, elegant church
which of the following were caused by the scientific revolution?
improvements in medicine and scientific instruments
about what percentage of france’s population belonged to the third estate?
97
which of the following is an accurate description of the tax system in france in the years preceding the french revolution?
the members of the third estate paid almost all of the taxes
in what way did the bourgeoisie differ from other members of the third estate?
they believed in enlightenment ideals
what issue arose after the king called for the estates-general to meet?
how many votes each estate would get
which of the following did napoleon NOT accomplish?
an expansion of freedom of speech
during the reign of terror, who was safe from the guillotine?
no one
what strategy did czar alexander I use to sefeat napoleon in russia?
scorched-earth policy
which of the following traits did napoleon NOT possess?
humility
what did klemens con metternich NOT want to accomplish at the congress of vienna?
create the beginnings of european democracy
what was one important effect resulting from the political changes made at the congress of vienna?
nationalistic feelings grew in countries placed under foreign rule
in latin america during the early 1800s, which of the following probably belonged to the creole class?
a colonel in the spanish colonial army
how ere the liberation movements in spanish south america and brazil similar?
both involved the creole class
which of the following aritistic styles would be used to accurately depict the oppressive working conditions of latin americans under spanish control?
realism
which of the following people would most likely have been a radical in the 1800s?
a poor student who has read extensively about democracy
during the 19th century, which of the following occurred in europe?
all of the above
conflict between conservative and liberal movements; the resurgence of conservatives over liberals; the decline of established empires
how were nationalist movements of italy and germany similar?
both unified various regions and. kingdoms in a nation-state
which of the following events was NOT strongly influenced by socioeconomic problems?
the declaration of war by france on prussia
which of the following political trends helped lead to the formation of the second reich?
ruthless leadership
how were romanticism and nationalism linked?
national heroes and cultural pride were themes
which of the following works of art can be seen as a reaction against realism
a money painting
how might small farmers of the agricultural revolution be compared to the working class of the industrial revolution?
all of the above are true
both endured long working hours; both suffered job losses due to progress; both loved in climates of social restructuring
what impact did technological advances have on industry?
production of goods was increased
what was a benefit of the railroad in britain?
it offered cheap transportation for materials and goods
which of the following aspects was NOT an effect of industrialization?
cleaner cities
how did the war of 1813 over the way for the united states to industrialize?
the british blockade forced it to develop its own industries
how did the napoleonic wars and french revolution impact the industrialization of continental europe?
all of the above are true
trade was halted in many parts of europe; communications between countries were interrupted; inflation was on the rise in some areas of europe, disrupting the economy
what was the worldwide impact of industrialization?
it was the driving force behind imperialism
how did the philosphy of aliases-afire influence early industrialists?
with ideas of a free market governed by natural laws, not government rules
what weee the long-term effects of marx and engel’s the communist manifesto?
in the 1900s, marxism inspired revolutionaries such as russia’s lenin
which of the following statements is true?
communism is a political system; socialism is an economic system
how did e democratic reforms in great britain change the government?
all of the above are true
most adult males gained the right to vote by 1884; british monarchs became symbolic rulers with no political power; political power shifted greatly to the elected house of commons
which of the following was true of women’s fight for suffrage?
some women participated in hunger strikes
how might the french government of the late 1800s and early 1900s be characterized?
unstable
which of the following influenced the formation of upper and lower canada?
cultural conflicts between the british and french
why did australia and new zealand want to become dominions of great britain rather than independent nations?
they wanted the protection of the british empire
what did the phrase manifest destiny mean?
the american people had the right and duty to rule north america from coast to coast
what promise by abraham lincoln frightened southern states in seceding?
to stop the spread of slavery
what impact did the civil war have on the postwar american economy?
the war sped up the pace of industrialization
what effect did the major inventions of the 19th century have on people’s lives in industrialized nations?
car, telephone, and electricity helped ease ways of living
which of the following was NOT a reason for the rise of mass culture?
the assembly line
