chp 22 test

Question 1

scientific revolution

Answer 1

major change in european though in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

Question 2

geocentric theory

Answer 2

view which held that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe

Question 3

heliocentric theory

Answer 3

idea that the sun is at the center of the universe, and that the earth and other planets revolve around it

Question 4

galileo galilei

Answer 4

italian scientists who built his own telescope and was forced by the Catholic Church to take back scientific ideas that disagreed with the church’s belief. he built on the new theories about astronomy

Question 5

scientific method

Answer 5

logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses

Question 6

isaac newton

Answer 6

english scientist who discovered laws of motion and gravity. helped to bring breakthroughs under a single theory of motion

Question 7

enlightenment

Answer 7

age of reason. it stressed that reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. people sought insight into underlying beliefs about government, religion, economics, and education

Question 8

social contract

Answer 8

according to thomas hobbes, the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government. agreement made between people and government

Question 9

john locke

Answer 9

philosopher who wrote about government. believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. according to him, all people are born free and equal and came up with the three natural rights of life, liberty, and the property

Question 10

philosophes

Answer 10

group of social thinkers in france (during the enlightenment)

Question 11

voltaire

Answer 11

probably most brilliant and influential philosophe. fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech. he had a sharp tongue

Question 12

montesquieu

Answer 12

french philosophe/writer who was concerned with government and freedom of speech. he devoted himself to the study of political liberty. believed that britain had the best type of government with divided powers

Question 13

rousseau

Answer 13

philosophe who championed (individual) freedom. argued that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness. believed that the only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society (direct democracy)

Question 14

mary wollstonecraft

Answer 14

author who wrote about women’s rights. wrote essay that disagreed with rousseau that women’s education should be secondary to men’s. urged women to enter male-dominant fields (of medicine and politics)

Question 15

salon

Answer 15

social gathering of intellectuals and artists in homes of wealthy women (in paid and other european cities) to discuss ideas or enjoying art during the enlightenment

Question 16

baroque

Answer 16

grand, ornate style that characterized european painting, music, and architect in the 1600s and early 1700s (before the enlightenment)

Question 17

neoclassical

Answer 17

simple, elegant style based on ideas and themes from ancient greece and rome that characterized the arts in europe during the late 1700s/enlightenment

Question 18

enlightened despot

Answer 18

18th century monarch who supported enlightenment but did not give up power

Question 19

catherine the great

Answer 19

russian ruler who took steps to reform and modernize russia. most admired ruler by the philosophes. one of the foremost of europe’s enlightened despots

Question 20

declaration of independence

Answer 20

document declaring american independence from britain that was issued by the second continental congress. a statement of the reason for the american colonies’ break with britain. firmly based on locke’s enlightenment ideas. states the three human rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Question 21

thomas jefferson

Answer 21

political leader who wrote the declaration of independence

Question 22

checks and balances

Answer 22

system in which each branch of government checks/limits the power of the other two branches. measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others. was a part of the constitution

Question 23

federal system

Answer 23

system of government in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Question 24

bill of rights

Answer 24

first ten amendments to the US constitution which protect citizens’ basic rights and freedom. was made in order to gain the support of antifederalists who did not want to sign the constitution