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Anatomy & Physiology I > Midterm Chapters 1-10 Review > Flashcards

Midterm Chapters 1-10 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of the human body structure

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2
Q

What is the definition of systemic?

A

Specific

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3
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of the function of the body

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4
Q

What are the levels of organization starting from the smallest?

A

Chemical, Organelle, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism

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5
Q

What are distal and proximal?

A

Distal: away from the trunk of the body
Proximal: closer to the trunk of the body

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6
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

When the body is trying to maintain it’s stability, homeostasis

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7
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

When change is encouraged

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8
Q

What is an example of positive feedback loop?

A

Child Birth

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9
Q

What is a trace element of the body?

A

Iron

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10
Q

What is superficial?

A

towards the surface of the body

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11
Q

What is superior?

A

Towards the head of the body

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12
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The constant state maintained by the body

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13
Q

What is superior?

A

Towards the head of the body

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14
Q

How many tissue types are there?

A

4

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15
Q

What is the atomic weight?

A

Number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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16
Q

What is the atomic weight for Carbon?

A

6

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17
Q

What is the atomic weight for Carbon?

A

6

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18
Q

What charges are held for neutrons, electrons and protons?

A

Neutrons: neutral
Protons: positive
Electrons: negative

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19
Q

How do ionic bonds occur?

A

Through the transfer of electrons

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20
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Element that differs in the number of neutrons (ex. deuterium)

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21
Q

What is the decomposition reaction?

A

AB —-> A + B

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22
Q

What are the major groups of organic substances?

A

Proteins, Lipids, Carbs, Nucleic Acids

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23
Q

What is the decomposition reaction?

A

AB —-> A + B

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24
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The process of breaking down a molecule by adding water

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25
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

binds the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of RNA?

A

Ribose sugar, single strand, uracil

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27
Q

What are the protein structures?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

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28
Q

Which protein structures consists of the number, kind and sequence of amino acids?

A

Primary

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29
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Lipid made up of glycerol and fatty acids

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30
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Tissue hormones that contain a 5-carbon ring

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31
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Bilayer made up of a water-loving head and 2 hydrophobic tailes

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose sugar, double helix, phosphate group and nitrogenous base

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33
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

To keep things in and out of the cell

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34
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

It is the recycling of amino acids, are pinched off from the Golgi Apparatus, and breaks down protein components

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35
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Protein Synthesis

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36
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

A

ATP

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37
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Process and packaging of protein molecules

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38
Q

Are microfilaments the smallest or largest?

A

Smallest

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39
Q

Are microtubules the smallest or largest?

A

Largest

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40
Q

What are the different types of cell connections?

A

Gap Junction, Tight Junction, and Desmosomes

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41
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules through a phospholipid bilayer

42
Q

What is the purpose of microfilaments?

A

Cell’s framework

43
Q

What is passive transport?

A

process that do NOT require energy

44
Q

What is an example of passive transport?

45
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Where the solutes are the same in and out of the cell

46
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

The solute is greater outside the cell

47
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

The solute is greater inside the cell

48
Q

What is active transport?

A

Process requires energy

49
Q

What is an example of active transport?

A

Endocytosis

50
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

pathway in which glucose is broken down, does NOT require oxygen

51
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

52
Q

What is the Kreb cycle?

A

Requires oxygen, begins with pyruvic acid into NAD

53
Q

Where does the kreb cycle take place?

A

mitochondria

54
Q

Electron Transport System

A

Starts with NAD into energy (ATP), requires oxygen

55
Q

Where does ETS occur?

A

Mitochondria

56
Q

What is another name for the kreb cycle?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

57
Q

What are the catabolic pathways?

A

Glycolysis, ETS and Kreb

58
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

Protein Synthesis

59
Q

What does meiosis consist of?

A

Gametes (sex cells)

60
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Replication of cells from a parent cell into 2 identical daughter cells

61
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

62
Q

What is Interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2 phases

63
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Greatest ability to regenerate, covers the body surfaces, lines body cavities, and moves substances

64
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

secretion, excretion, and absorption

65
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

functions to support the body and its parts

66
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

produces movement

67
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

The least ability to regenerate, control and communication

68
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of the occurence, distribution, and transmission of diseases

69
Q

What are the 4 elements that make up about 96% of the humman body?

A

Carbon, oxygrn, hydrogen and nitrogen

70
Q

What are the basic chemical structures for the organic compounds?

A

Lipids/Carbs: CHO
Proteins: CHON
Nucleic Acids: CHONP

71
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A

Helps the body absorb calcium and maintain strong bones?

72
Q

What is the final functional shape of the protein molecule?

A

Native State

73
Q

What steroid involves tissue repair and regulates inflammation?

A

Prostaglandins

74
Q

Spot desmosomes act as what?

A

Spot welds

75
Q

Which cell connection involved the heart muscles?

A

Gap Junction

76
Q

What covers the surface of the viscera (organs within a cavity)?

A

Visceral Membrane

77
Q

What surrounds the lungs and thoracic cavity?

78
Q

What surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardium

79
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water

80
Q

What two layers make up the basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina and reticular

81
Q

What are the functions of apidose tissue?

A

Acts as energy, support, protection, insulation and heat generation

82
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Has only one later of oddly shaped columnar cells, found in male reproductive system

83
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Nonkeratinized: lines vagina, mouth and esophagus
Keratinized: Skin

84
Q

Simple Squamous

A

One-layer of flat cells ,lining of the lung

85
Q

What does keratinized mean?

A

Keratin is deposited in cells and cells become horny (nails hair)

86
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Discharge secretions into ducts, tubular and alveolar

87
Q

What are the 3 types of exocrine glands?

A

Apocrine, Holocrine, Merocrine

88
Q

Are endocrine glands ductless?

89
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells

90
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Support and Protection

91
Q

What is the hypodermis? Where is it located?

A

Connects skin and other structures, underneath the dermis

92
Q

What type of sweat glands are the most numerous?

93
Q

What are 2nd degree burns?

A

Swelling, Redness, Blisters

94
Q

What are 3rd degree burns?

A

Extends below the hair follicles and sweat glands

95
Q

What covers the abdominalpelvic cavity?

A

Parietal Peritoneum

96
Q

What covers the internal surface of the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal pleura

97
Q

What is cholesterol?

98
Q

In the body, Vitamin D can be classified as?

99
Q

Which somatotype is tall and lean?

A

Ectomorphs

100
Q

Which somatotype is muscular and solid?

A

Endomorphs

101
Q

Which somatotype is rounder in body shape?

A

Mesomorphs

102
Q

What are the layers of the skin from superficial to deep?

A

(stratum) Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale

Anatomy & Physiology I (8 decks)

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