Final Review Flashcards
Where can edosteum be found?
Lining of the medullary cavity
What are examples of a fibrous joint?
Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
What are the most movable joints in the body?
Synovial
The teres major and teres minor move what?
The Arm
The cells responsible for active erosion of bone mineral are what?
Osteoclasts
Moving a part of the body forward is what?
Protraction
The largest and most frequently injured joint is?
The Knee
What are the major functions of muscle?
Movement, posture, and heat production
What is the ability of muscle cells to respond to nerve stimulated?
Irritability or Excitibility
What percentage do skeletal muscles constitute our body weight?
50%
Muscles that contract the same time as the prime mover are called what?
Synergists and Fixators
The axial skeleton consists of how many bones?
80
Which suture is between the occipital and parietal bones?
Lambdoid
What is the heaviest and longest bone in the body?
Femur
What does the ulna articulate with proximally?
Humerus
A condyloid joint is an example of a _____ joint.
Biaxial
What are menisci?
Fibrocartilage pads
Moving a body part away from the medial plane of the body is what?
Abduction
The covering of individual muscle fibers is what?
Endomysium
The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is what?
Triceps Brachii
What is another name for white fibers?
Fast fibers
What can physiological fatigue be caused by?
Lack of ATP, high levels of lactic acid, and failure of the sodium potassium pump
What is another name for endurance training?
Aerobic training
What are components of a lever system?
Bone, joint, pull
The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. What is the knee acting as?
The Fulcrum
What are the cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation?
ER and Golgi Apparatus
What is the most abundant type of cartilage?
Hyaline
The clavicle is part of what skeleton?
Appendicular
Hematopoiesis is carried out in what type of bone marrow?
Red Bone Marrow
Between what ages does bone bone loss begin to exceed bone gain?
35-40
The upper part of the sternum is what?
Manubrium
What does not articulate with the maxillae?
Mandible
What type of articulation has joint capsule in terms of structure?
Synovial
What joint has the widest range of movement?
Ball and socket
A gliding joint is an example of what type of joint?
Multiaxial
The knee joint is an example of what type of joint?
Hinge
The muscle that extends and adducts the arm is what?
Latissimus Dorsi
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Infraspinatus, Supraspinatus, Subscapularus, and Teres Minor
What muscle allows for the thumb to touch all fingers?
Opponens Pollicis
The action of the brachiallis muscle is to do what to the forearm?
Flex
When an athlete injures a muscle of the hamsting group, the injury is where?
Posterior Thigh
Bundles of fine fibers that extend lengthwise along muscle fibers are called what?
Myofibrils
What is the smallest contractile unit of muscle?
Sarcomere
What muscles form the most of the pelvic floor?
Levator Ani
What muscle assists with mastication?
Masseter
The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. What terms may be part of its name?
Rectus and Femoris
What muscles have fibers on a transverse plane?
Transverse abdominus
Which fibrous connective tissue structures have a lining of synovial membrane?
Tendon Sheaths
The organic matrix of bone consists of what?
Collagenous fibers, protein, and polysaccharides
What does the osteon or haversian system do?
Delivers nutrients to and removes waste products from bone cells
Going from proximal to distal, the bones of the upper extremity are:
Humerus, radius, carpals, and metacarpals
What is considered an immovable joint?
Synarthroses
The distal end of the radius articulating with the carpal bones is an example of what type of joint?
Condyloid (ellipsoidal)
What type of movement increases the angle between body parts?
Extension
Deterioration of the nucleus pulpous results in what?
A slipped disk
The muscle that raises or lowers the shoulders or shrugs them is:
Trapezius
Where do the muscles that move the upper arm originate?
Clavicle and Scapula
What are the muscles of the quadriceps femoris?
Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedialism and Vastus Lateralis
What do the muscles of the lower leg move?
The foot
What muscles are part of the shoulder girdle?
Trapezius, Rhomboids, Levator Scapulae, and 7th cervical vertabrae
If there is a fracture in the shaft of the bone, it’s a break in the what?
Diaphysis
What is the major purpose of the epiphyseal plate?
Lengthening long bones
The form of the external ear is composed of what type of cartilage?
Elastic
The appendicular skeleton consists of how many bones?
126
What is mastoiditis?
Inflammation of a sinus within the temporal bone
The rib is part of which skeleton?
Axial
What skull bone articulates with the first vertabrae?
Occipital
How many thoracic vertabrae are there?
12
What is a fontanel?
Unossified area in the infants skull
The pisiform can be found where?
Wrist
The anterior of the pelvic girdle is formed by what?
Pubis
A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort where?
Knee
What are the unique joints that occur between the root of a tooth and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla?
Gomphoses
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Interphalangeal joints
What is an example of a biaxial joint?
Condyloid
Kicking a football is accomplished by what?
Extension
Stretching the foot down and back and pointing the toe is called what?
Plantar flexion
the connective tissue sheath that envelops bundles of muscle fibers is what?
Perimysium
The type of lever arrangement in which the pull is exerted between the fulcrum and resistance or weight to be moved is a ____ class lever
Third
The muscle that draws the eyebrows together, producing vertical wrinkles above the nose (frowning), is what?
Corrugator supercilii
Purposeful movement is determined by what?
Relationship of muscles to joints, how muscles are attached to the skeleton, and the manner in which muscles are grouped
A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. It’s function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as what?
The prime mover
The muscle that flexes the semi pronated or semi supinated forearm is what?
Brachioradialis
In punching (pressing) a weight from shoulder height to above the head, what muscle is least utilized?
Biceps brachii
Where are the flexor muscles that move the fingers mostly located?
Anterior medial surface of forearm
True or false: The sartorius is one muscle that moves the foot
False
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called what?
Sarcolemma
What is another name for skeletal muscle?
Striated Muscle
What neurotransmitter is secreted at the motor end plates of skeltal muscles?
Acetylcholine
The chief function of the T-tubules is to what?
Allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell
What do thick myofilaments extend the length of?
A Bands
What ion is necessary for cross-bridging?
Calcium
What are skeletal muscles innervated by?
Somatic Motor Neurons
Most body movements are a combination of what?
Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would be a result of what type of contraction?
Isometric
What are painful muscle contractions or involuntary twitches?
Cramps
What types of muscle tissue contains cells that have a single nucleus?
Cardiac and Smooth
What do muscle tendon fibers interlace with when attaching to bone?
Periosteum
What are the primary functions of bones?
Mineral Storage, Protection, and hematopoiesis
Where is the primary ossification center of a long bone located?
Diaphysis
What is the cause of the medullary cavity enlarging in bone growth?
Osteoclasts
What is the first step to healing a fracture?
Formation of a fracture hematoma
What skeleton is the scapula a part of ?
Axial
The term sinus can be described as what in relation to bone markings?
Cavity within a bone
If the cribiform plate is damaged, what is there a chance of?
Infectious materials passing from the nose to the brain
Which vertebrae in the skeletal framework is the neck consisted of?
Cervical
the troubles and capitulum can be described as what?
Distal portions of the humerus
The human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of any animal because of what moveable joint?
Thumb
During childbirth, a baby pass through an imaginary placed called what?
Pelvic Outlet
True or false: The structural classification of joints centers around the type of connective tissue that joins the bones together.
True
What are the pads of fibrocartilage located btween the articulating ends of bones in some diarthroses?
Menisci
True or false: The trapezius moves the upper arm
False
What does the teres minor assist in the arm?
Rotating it outward
What systems assist the muscles in maintaining posture?
Digestive, Endocrine, Nervous, Excretory, Skeletal, Muscular, and Respiratory
What protein found in myofilaments contains cross-bridges?
Myosin
In a triad, the T-Tubule is sandwiched between what?
Sac of SR
What is the purpose of creatine phosphate?
Replenish energy
What does aerobic respiration do?
Produces the max amount of energy available from each glucose molecule
During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm?
Latent
What does a motor unit consist of?
Muscle fibers and motor neuron
A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same the length changes is what type of contraction?
Isotonic
The cells that produce the organic matrix are called what?
Osteoblasts
What does apposition growth refer to?
Addition of an outside layer of osteons tissue on flat bones
Parietal bones are part of which skeleton?
Axial
The upper parts of the nasal septum and the side walls of the nasal cavity are formed by which bones?
Ethmoid
How many pairs of true ribs do we have?
7
True or False: The ethmoid is an irregular bone that lies anterior to the sphenoid but posterior to the nasal bones
True
What is the framework of the hand?
Metacarpal
What is the structure above the pelvic inlet, which is bordered by muscle in the front and bone aong the sides and back?
False pelvis
What is the scaphoid bone?
Carpal Bone
What are the characteristics of the male pelvis?
90-degree angle, narrow, coccyx is less flexible
What is an example of a pivot joint?
Head of the radius articulating with the ulna
What joint allows for most movement?
Ball and socket
Tilting the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg is called what?
Dorsiflexion
The rotator cuff muscles form a cuff-like arrangement around which joint?
Shoulder
What is the gelnoid labrum?
Fibrocartilage that increases the depth of the glenoid cavity
The condition of “housemaids knee” is an inflammation of what?
Prepatellar Bursa
What is an aponeurosis?
Flat sheet of connective tissue connectin muscle to other structures
How can muscles be named?
Function, direction of fibers, points of attachment
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is named for its what?
Points of attachment
True or False: The external obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis protect the abdominal viscera.
True
A muscle is attached to the femur and the tibia. When the muscle contracts, the knee bends. That would mean the tibia attachment is what?
The insertion
the origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. What might be a part of its name?
Flexor
What muscles assist in moving the thigh?
Adductor longus, gracilis, and illiopsoas
What protein molecule has heads jutting out for cross-bridging?
Myosin
What is the first event to occur in muscle relaxation is what?
SR begins actively pumping calcium back into the sacs
What are characteristics of isometric contraction?
Muscles don’t shorten, can produce work by tightening to resist a force, tension produced cannot overcome load
The graded strength principle states what?
Skeletal muscles contract with varying degrees of strength at different times.
The strength of muscle contraction is influenced by what?
Amount of load, initial length of muscle fibers, and recruitment of motor units.
What are small spaces in which bone cells lie?
Lacunae
What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?
Osteon
Low blood calcium evoke a response from what?
Parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D deficiency can result in what?
Rickets
True or False: The Nasal bone is part of the orbit
False
The squamous suture connects which two bones?
Temporal and sphenoid
Lamina is a posterior portion of what?
Vertebra
The first cervical vertebra is known as what?
Atlas
What is another name for “hunchback”?
Kyphosis
Otitis media is usually treated with what?
Antibiotics
What is the coronoid fossa?
Depression on the humerus
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm is the what?
Radius
The greater tochanter is a bony landmark of the what?
Femur
What is the strongest and lowermost portion of the coxal bones?
Ischium
What is an example of symphysis?
The articulation between the pubic bones and between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
What is perhaps the strongest ligament in the body?
Iliofemoral
What does the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee connect with?
Anterior tibia with the posterior femur
What are vertebral bodies connected by?
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament
What are “joint mice”?
Loos pieces of articular cartilage
What are muscles that are arranged like the feathers in a plume?
Pennate
What are antagonists?
They oppose prime movers
What is a first-class lever?
Fulcrum is between the pull and the load
What is the olecranon of the ulna a site of insertion for?
Triceps Brachii
What is the anterior superior iliac spine the site of origin for?
Sartorius
What is a common site for intramuscular injections?
Gluteus Medius
What is the correct order of arrangement of skeletal muscle cells from largest to smallest?
Fiber, myofibril, and myofilament
During muscle contraction, Ca is released from what?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
The staircase phenomenon is also known as what?
Treppe
Increase in muscle size is called what?
Hypertrophy
Pushing against a wall is an example of which type of contraction?
Isometric
Muscle fibers usually contract to about what percent of their starting strength?
80%
What is a quick, jerky response of a given muscle to a single stimulus called?
Twitch
The bones in an adult that contain red bone marrow include what?
Ribs, Pelvis, and Femur
The epiphyseal plate is composed mostly of what?
Chondrocytes
What is the fibrous covering of cartilage?
Perichondrium
What is a meatus?
Tubelike opening or channel
What does the palatine process form?
Part of the hard palate
What is the shape of the nose formed by?
Nasal bones and septal cartilage
What are part of the vertebral columns?
Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
The dens projects from the body of the what?
Second vertebra
What abnormal curvatures can interfere with breathing, posture, and other vital functions?
Scoliosis, Lordosis, Kyphosis
What is the arm socket?
Glenoid cavity
What forms the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis
The medial and lateral menisci are what?
Cartilage
What is a fixed point about which a rod moves?
Fulcrum
An aponeurosis is?
Broad and flat
The plantar flexion of the foot is achieved by the what?
Soleus
What are examples of myofilament proteins?
Troponin, Tropomyosin, Myosin and Actin
Myosin heads are also called:
Cross-Bridges
The region of a muscle fiber where a motor neuron connects to the muscle fiber is called:
Motor endplate
The principle components of a motor unit are:
One somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers supplied by a somatic motor neuron
What is true of isometric contractions?
Muscle length remains constant
Prolonged inactivity causes muscles to shrink in mass is what condition?
Disuse atrophy
What type of muscle lines the walls of many hollow organs?
Smooth
What is the foundation or keystone in the architecture of the face?
Maxillae
Which marking does NOT appear on the mandible?
Horizontal Plate
Why is the vertebral column curved?
To increase the carrying strength of the column
