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Anatomy & Physiology I > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Where can edosteum be found?

A

Lining of the medullary cavity

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2
Q

What are examples of a fibrous joint?

A

Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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3
Q

What are the most movable joints in the body?

A

Synovial

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4
Q

The teres major and teres minor move what?

A

The Arm

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5
Q

The cells responsible for active erosion of bone mineral are what?

A

Osteoclasts

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6
Q

Moving a part of the body forward is what?

A

Protraction

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7
Q

The largest and most frequently injured joint is?

A

The Knee

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8
Q

What are the major functions of muscle?

A

Movement, posture, and heat production

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9
Q

What is the ability of muscle cells to respond to nerve stimulated?

A

Irritability or Excitibility

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10
Q

What percentage do skeletal muscles constitute our body weight?

A

50%

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11
Q

Muscles that contract the same time as the prime mover are called what?

A

Synergists and Fixators

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12
Q

The axial skeleton consists of how many bones?

A

80

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13
Q

Which suture is between the occipital and parietal bones?

A

Lambdoid

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14
Q

What is the heaviest and longest bone in the body?

A

Femur

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15
Q

What does the ulna articulate with proximally?

A

Humerus

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16
Q

A condyloid joint is an example of a _____ joint.

A

Biaxial

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17
Q

What are menisci?

A

Fibrocartilage pads

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18
Q

Moving a body part away from the medial plane of the body is what?

A

Abduction

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19
Q

The covering of individual muscle fibers is what?

A

Endomysium

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20
Q

The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is what?

A

Triceps Brachii

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21
Q

What is another name for white fibers?

A

Fast fibers

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22
Q

What can physiological fatigue be caused by?

A

Lack of ATP, high levels of lactic acid, and failure of the sodium potassium pump

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23
Q

What is another name for endurance training?

A

Aerobic training

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24
Q

What are components of a lever system?

A

Bone, joint, pull

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25
Q

The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. What is the knee acting as?

A

The Fulcrum

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26
Q

What are the cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation?

A

ER and Golgi Apparatus

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27
Q

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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28
Q

The clavicle is part of what skeleton?

A

Appendicular

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29
Q

Hematopoiesis is carried out in what type of bone marrow?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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30
Q

Between what ages does bone bone loss begin to exceed bone gain?

A

35-40

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31
Q

The upper part of the sternum is what?

A

Manubrium

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32
Q

What does not articulate with the maxillae?

A

Mandible

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33
Q

What type of articulation has joint capsule in terms of structure?

A

Synovial

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34
Q

What joint has the widest range of movement?

A

Ball and socket

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35
Q

A gliding joint is an example of what type of joint?

A

Multiaxial

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36
Q

The knee joint is an example of what type of joint?

A

Hinge

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37
Q

The muscle that extends and adducts the arm is what?

A

Latissimus Dorsi

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38
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Infraspinatus, Supraspinatus, Subscapularus, and Teres Minor

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39
Q

What muscle allows for the thumb to touch all fingers?

A

Opponens Pollicis

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40
Q

The action of the brachiallis muscle is to do what to the forearm?

A

Flex

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41
Q

When an athlete injures a muscle of the hamsting group, the injury is where?

A

Posterior Thigh

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42
Q

Bundles of fine fibers that extend lengthwise along muscle fibers are called what?

A

Myofibrils

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43
Q

What is the smallest contractile unit of muscle?

A

Sarcomere

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44
Q

What muscles form the most of the pelvic floor?

A

Levator Ani

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45
Q

What muscle assists with mastication?

A

Masseter

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46
Q

The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. What terms may be part of its name?

A

Rectus and Femoris

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47
Q

What muscles have fibers on a transverse plane?

A

Transverse abdominus

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48
Q

Which fibrous connective tissue structures have a lining of synovial membrane?

A

Tendon Sheaths

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49
Q

The organic matrix of bone consists of what?

A

Collagenous fibers, protein, and polysaccharides

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50
Q

What does the osteon or haversian system do?

A

Delivers nutrients to and removes waste products from bone cells

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51
Q

Going from proximal to distal, the bones of the upper extremity are:

A

Humerus, radius, carpals, and metacarpals

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52
Q

What is considered an immovable joint?

A

Synarthroses

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53
Q

The distal end of the radius articulating with the carpal bones is an example of what type of joint?

A

Condyloid (ellipsoidal)

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54
Q

What type of movement increases the angle between body parts?

A

Extension

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55
Q

Deterioration of the nucleus pulpous results in what?

A

A slipped disk

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56
Q

The muscle that raises or lowers the shoulders or shrugs them is:

A

Trapezius

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57
Q

Where do the muscles that move the upper arm originate?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

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58
Q

What are the muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedialism and Vastus Lateralis

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59
Q

What do the muscles of the lower leg move?

A

The foot

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60
Q

What muscles are part of the shoulder girdle?

A

Trapezius, Rhomboids, Levator Scapulae, and 7th cervical vertabrae

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61
Q

If there is a fracture in the shaft of the bone, it’s a break in the what?

A

Diaphysis

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62
Q

What is the major purpose of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Lengthening long bones

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63
Q

The form of the external ear is composed of what type of cartilage?

A

Elastic

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64
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of how many bones?

A

126

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65
Q

What is mastoiditis?

A

Inflammation of a sinus within the temporal bone

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66
Q

The rib is part of which skeleton?

A

Axial

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67
Q

What skull bone articulates with the first vertabrae?

A

Occipital

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68
Q

How many thoracic vertabrae are there?

A

12

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69
Q

What is a fontanel?

A

Unossified area in the infants skull

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70
Q

The pisiform can be found where?

A

Wrist

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71
Q

The anterior of the pelvic girdle is formed by what?

A

Pubis

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72
Q

A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort where?

A

Knee

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73
Q

What are the unique joints that occur between the root of a tooth and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla?

A

Gomphoses

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74
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Interphalangeal joints

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75
Q

What is an example of a biaxial joint?

A

Condyloid

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76
Q

Kicking a football is accomplished by what?

A

Extension

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77
Q

Stretching the foot down and back and pointing the toe is called what?

A

Plantar flexion

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78
Q

the connective tissue sheath that envelops bundles of muscle fibers is what?

A

Perimysium

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79
Q

The type of lever arrangement in which the pull is exerted between the fulcrum and resistance or weight to be moved is a ____ class lever

A

Third

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80
Q

The muscle that draws the eyebrows together, producing vertical wrinkles above the nose (frowning), is what?

A

Corrugator supercilii

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81
Q

Purposeful movement is determined by what?

A

Relationship of muscles to joints, how muscles are attached to the skeleton, and the manner in which muscles are grouped

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82
Q

A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. It’s function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as what?

A

The prime mover

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83
Q

The muscle that flexes the semi pronated or semi supinated forearm is what?

A

Brachioradialis

84
Q

In punching (pressing) a weight from shoulder height to above the head, what muscle is least utilized?

A

Biceps brachii

85
Q

Where are the flexor muscles that move the fingers mostly located?

A

Anterior medial surface of forearm

86
Q

True or false: The sartorius is one muscle that moves the foot

A

False

87
Q

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called what?

A

Sarcolemma

88
Q

What is another name for skeletal muscle?

A

Striated Muscle

89
Q

What neurotransmitter is secreted at the motor end plates of skeltal muscles?

A

Acetylcholine

90
Q

The chief function of the T-tubules is to what?

A

Allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell

91
Q

What do thick myofilaments extend the length of?

A

A Bands

92
Q

What ion is necessary for cross-bridging?

A

Calcium

93
Q

What are skeletal muscles innervated by?

A

Somatic Motor Neurons

94
Q

Most body movements are a combination of what?

A

Isotonic and Isometric Contractions

95
Q

Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would be a result of what type of contraction?

A

Isometric

96
Q

What are painful muscle contractions or involuntary twitches?

A

Cramps

97
Q

What types of muscle tissue contains cells that have a single nucleus?

A

Cardiac and Smooth

98
Q

What do muscle tendon fibers interlace with when attaching to bone?

A

Periosteum

99
Q

What are the primary functions of bones?

A

Mineral Storage, Protection, and hematopoiesis

100
Q

Where is the primary ossification center of a long bone located?

A

Diaphysis

101
Q

What is the cause of the medullary cavity enlarging in bone growth?

A

Osteoclasts

102
Q

What is the first step to healing a fracture?

A

Formation of a fracture hematoma

103
Q

What skeleton is the scapula a part of ?

A

Axial

104
Q

The term sinus can be described as what in relation to bone markings?

A

Cavity within a bone

105
Q

If the cribiform plate is damaged, what is there a chance of?

A

Infectious materials passing from the nose to the brain

106
Q

Which vertebrae in the skeletal framework is the neck consisted of?

A

Cervical

107
Q

the troubles and capitulum can be described as what?

A

Distal portions of the humerus

108
Q

The human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of any animal because of what moveable joint?

A

Thumb

109
Q

During childbirth, a baby pass through an imaginary placed called what?

A

Pelvic Outlet

110
Q

True or false: The structural classification of joints centers around the type of connective tissue that joins the bones together.

A

True

111
Q

What are the pads of fibrocartilage located btween the articulating ends of bones in some diarthroses?

A

Menisci

112
Q

True or false: The trapezius moves the upper arm

A

False

113
Q

What does the teres minor assist in the arm?

A

Rotating it outward

114
Q

What systems assist the muscles in maintaining posture?

A

Digestive, Endocrine, Nervous, Excretory, Skeletal, Muscular, and Respiratory

115
Q

What protein found in myofilaments contains cross-bridges?

A

Myosin

116
Q

In a triad, the T-Tubule is sandwiched between what?

A

Sac of SR

117
Q

What is the purpose of creatine phosphate?

A

Replenish energy

118
Q

What does aerobic respiration do?

A

Produces the max amount of energy available from each glucose molecule

119
Q

During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm?

A

Latent

120
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

Muscle fibers and motor neuron

121
Q

A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same the length changes is what type of contraction?

A

Isotonic

122
Q

The cells that produce the organic matrix are called what?

A

Osteoblasts

123
Q

What does apposition growth refer to?

A

Addition of an outside layer of osteons tissue on flat bones

124
Q

Parietal bones are part of which skeleton?

A

Axial

125
Q

The upper parts of the nasal septum and the side walls of the nasal cavity are formed by which bones?

A

Ethmoid

126
Q

How many pairs of true ribs do we have?

A

7

127
Q

True or False: The ethmoid is an irregular bone that lies anterior to the sphenoid but posterior to the nasal bones

A

True

128
Q

What is the framework of the hand?

A

Metacarpal

129
Q

What is the structure above the pelvic inlet, which is bordered by muscle in the front and bone aong the sides and back?

A

False pelvis

130
Q

What is the scaphoid bone?

A

Carpal Bone

131
Q

What are the characteristics of the male pelvis?

A

90-degree angle, narrow, coccyx is less flexible

132
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Head of the radius articulating with the ulna

133
Q

What joint allows for most movement?

A

Ball and socket

134
Q

Tilting the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg is called what?

A

Dorsiflexion

135
Q

The rotator cuff muscles form a cuff-like arrangement around which joint?

A

Shoulder

136
Q

What is the gelnoid labrum?

A

Fibrocartilage that increases the depth of the glenoid cavity

137
Q

The condition of “housemaids knee” is an inflammation of what?

A

Prepatellar Bursa

138
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Flat sheet of connective tissue connectin muscle to other structures

139
Q

How can muscles be named?

A

Function, direction of fibers, points of attachment

140
Q

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is named for its what?

A

Points of attachment

141
Q

True or False: The external obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis protect the abdominal viscera.

A

True

142
Q

A muscle is attached to the femur and the tibia. When the muscle contracts, the knee bends. That would mean the tibia attachment is what?

A

The insertion

143
Q

the origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. What might be a part of its name?

A

Flexor

144
Q

What muscles assist in moving the thigh?

A

Adductor longus, gracilis, and illiopsoas

145
Q

What protein molecule has heads jutting out for cross-bridging?

A

Myosin

146
Q

What is the first event to occur in muscle relaxation is what?

A

SR begins actively pumping calcium back into the sacs

147
Q

What are characteristics of isometric contraction?

A

Muscles don’t shorten, can produce work by tightening to resist a force, tension produced cannot overcome load

148
Q

The graded strength principle states what?

A

Skeletal muscles contract with varying degrees of strength at different times.

149
Q

The strength of muscle contraction is influenced by what?

A

Amount of load, initial length of muscle fibers, and recruitment of motor units.

150
Q

What are small spaces in which bone cells lie?

A

Lacunae

151
Q

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon

152
Q

Low blood calcium evoke a response from what?

A

Parathyroid hormone

153
Q

Vitamin D deficiency can result in what?

A

Rickets

154
Q

True or False: The Nasal bone is part of the orbit

A

False

155
Q

The squamous suture connects which two bones?

A

Temporal and sphenoid

156
Q

Lamina is a posterior portion of what?

A

Vertebra

157
Q

The first cervical vertebra is known as what?

A

Atlas

158
Q

What is another name for “hunchback”?

A

Kyphosis

159
Q

Otitis media is usually treated with what?

A

Antibiotics

160
Q

What is the coronoid fossa?

A

Depression on the humerus

161
Q

The bone on the thumb side of the forearm is the what?

A

Radius

162
Q

The greater tochanter is a bony landmark of the what?

A

Femur

163
Q

What is the strongest and lowermost portion of the coxal bones?

A

Ischium

164
Q

What is an example of symphysis?

A

The articulation between the pubic bones and between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.

165
Q

What is perhaps the strongest ligament in the body?

A

Iliofemoral

166
Q

What does the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee connect with?

A

Anterior tibia with the posterior femur

167
Q

What are vertebral bodies connected by?

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament

168
Q

What are “joint mice”?

A

Loos pieces of articular cartilage

169
Q

What are muscles that are arranged like the feathers in a plume?

A

Pennate

170
Q

What are antagonists?

A

They oppose prime movers

171
Q

What is a first-class lever?

A

Fulcrum is between the pull and the load

172
Q

What is the olecranon of the ulna a site of insertion for?

A

Triceps Brachii

173
Q

What is the anterior superior iliac spine the site of origin for?

A

Sartorius

174
Q

What is a common site for intramuscular injections?

A

Gluteus Medius

175
Q

What is the correct order of arrangement of skeletal muscle cells from largest to smallest?

A

Fiber, myofibril, and myofilament

176
Q

During muscle contraction, Ca is released from what?

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

177
Q

The staircase phenomenon is also known as what?

A

Treppe

178
Q

Increase in muscle size is called what?

A

Hypertrophy

179
Q

Pushing against a wall is an example of which type of contraction?

A

Isometric

180
Q

Muscle fibers usually contract to about what percent of their starting strength?

A

80%

181
Q

What is a quick, jerky response of a given muscle to a single stimulus called?

A

Twitch

182
Q

The bones in an adult that contain red bone marrow include what?

A

Ribs, Pelvis, and Femur

183
Q

The epiphyseal plate is composed mostly of what?

A

Chondrocytes

184
Q

What is the fibrous covering of cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

185
Q

What is a meatus?

A

Tubelike opening or channel

186
Q

What does the palatine process form?

A

Part of the hard palate

187
Q

What is the shape of the nose formed by?

A

Nasal bones and septal cartilage

188
Q

What are part of the vertebral columns?

A

Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar

189
Q

The dens projects from the body of the what?

A

Second vertebra

190
Q

What abnormal curvatures can interfere with breathing, posture, and other vital functions?

A

Scoliosis, Lordosis, Kyphosis

191
Q

What is the arm socket?

A

Glenoid cavity

192
Q

What forms the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis

193
Q

The medial and lateral menisci are what?

A

Cartilage

194
Q

What is a fixed point about which a rod moves?

A

Fulcrum

195
Q

An aponeurosis is?

A

Broad and flat

196
Q

The plantar flexion of the foot is achieved by the what?

A

Soleus

197
Q

What are examples of myofilament proteins?

A

Troponin, Tropomyosin, Myosin and Actin

198
Q

Myosin heads are also called:

A

Cross-Bridges

199
Q

The region of a muscle fiber where a motor neuron connects to the muscle fiber is called:

A

Motor endplate

200
Q

The principle components of a motor unit are:

A

One somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers supplied by a somatic motor neuron

201
Q

What is true of isometric contractions?

A

Muscle length remains constant

202
Q

Prolonged inactivity causes muscles to shrink in mass is what condition?

A

Disuse atrophy

203
Q

What type of muscle lines the walls of many hollow organs?

A

Smooth

204
Q

What is the foundation or keystone in the architecture of the face?

A

Maxillae

205
Q

Which marking does NOT appear on the mandible?

A

Horizontal Plate

206
Q

Why is the vertebral column curved?

A

To increase the carrying strength of the column

Anatomy & Physiology I (8 decks)

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