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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 16 and 17 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapter 16 and 17 Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Teres Minor, Infraspinatus, Supraspinatus, and subscapularis

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2
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A

Movement of the body as a whole or movement of its parts (heat production and posture)

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3
Q

What is excitability or irritability?

A

Ability to be stimulated

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4
Q

What is sarcolemma?

A

Plasma membrane of muscle fibers

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5
Q

When are satellite cells active?

A

During exercise and injuries

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6
Q

What do T tubules do?

A

Allow electrical impulses to travel along the sarcolemma to move deeper into the cell

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7
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Numerous fine fibers packed close together in sarcoplasm and run lengthwise along muscle fibers

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8
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Smallest contractile unit of muscle fibers

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9
Q

What is another name for skeletal muscle?

A

Striated

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10
Q

What is a triad?

A

Triplet of tubules that allows an electrical impulse to stimulate the membranes of adjacent sacs (T tubule sandwiched between 2 sacs of SR)

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11
Q

What is Myosin?

A

Molecules shaped like twisted golf clubs that are chemically attracted to actin molecules

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12
Q

What is actin?

A

globular protein that forms two fibrous strands twisted around each other to form the bulk of the thin filament

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13
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Protein that blocks the active sites on actin molecules

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14
Q

What is troponin?

A

Protein that holds tropomyosin molecules in place

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15
Q

What muscles are involved with the shoulder girdle?

A

Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids, and 7th cervical vertebrae

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16
Q

What muscles move the thigh?

A

Muscles crossing the front of the hip, 3 gluteal muscles, tensor fasciae latae, and thigh adductors

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17
Q

What muscles move the upper arm?

A

Brachiallis and Biceps Brachii

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18
Q

What are the actions of teres minor?

A

Helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilizes shoulder joint, and rotates humerus laterally

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19
Q

What are the actions of teres major?

A

Posteromedially extends, medially rotates, and adducts arm synergist of latissimus dorsi

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20
Q

What muscle extends the forearm?

A

Triceps brachii

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21
Q

What are the muscles of quadriceps?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius

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22
Q

What are the hamstring muscles?

A

Semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and semimembranosus

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23
Q

What body systems are responsible for maintaining body posture?

A

Nervous, muscular, skeletal, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and endocrine

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24
Q

What is a treppe?

A

Steplike increase in strength of contraction seen in series of twitch contractions that occur 1 second apart

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25
What is acetylcholine?
neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft, can be inhibitory or excitatory based on receptors
26
What is responsible for cross-bridging?
Calcium
27
What are the 3 twitch contractions?
Latent, Contraction, and Relaxation
28
What are the different muscle tissues?
Cardiac, Smooth and Skeletal
29
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Involuntary, syncytium, paarallel myofibrils
30
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
Single nucleus, no striations
31
What is isotonic contraction?
Contraction in which the tone or tension in a muscle remains the same as the length of the muscle changes
32
What is isometric contraction?
Contraction in which the muscle length remains the same while muscle tension increases
33
What does isotonic mean?
Same tension
34
True or False: Most body movements occur as a result of both types of contractions
True
35
What is another name for treppe?
The staircase phenomenon
36
What happens during the latent phase of twitch contraction?
Nerve impulses travel to the sarcoplasmic reticulum to trigger the release of calcium
37
What happens in the contraction phase?
The binding of calcium to troponin and the sliding of filaments
38
What happens in the relaxation phase?
Sliding stops
39
What influences strength of muscle contraction?
An electrical stimulus
40
What might cause physiological muscle fatigue?
Lack of ATP
41
What is the first event that occurs in muscle relaxation?
Calcium ions are released
42
What is the powerstroke of myosin?
Myosin heads bend with great force after forming cross bridges, pulling the thin filaments past them
43
What extends and adducts the arm?
Teres major and latissimus dorsi
44
What muscle flexes the semipronated and semisupinated forearm?
Brachioradialis
45
What muscles move the upper arm? Originate?
Latissimus Dorsi: vertebra to illium | lumbodorsal fascia
46
When lifting your hands above your head, muscles involved?
Rotator cuffs, deltoid, trapezius, serratus anterior
47
Muscles involved in rotating the arm outward?
Teres minor and infraspinatus
48
Action of biceps brachii
flexes supinated forearm, forearm and hand
49
Action of triceps
extends lower arm
50
Action of brachiallis
flexes forearm
51
What muscles move the feet?
Gastrocnemius, plantan, flexor halliscus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, fibularis brevis, fibularis longus
52
Function of creatine phosphate
Extra energy
53
What are myofilaments?
Finer fibers of myofibrils (myosin-thick, actin-thin)
54
What is an A Band
The segment that runs the entire length of the thick filaments/myosin
55
What are white fibers?
Fast and with little myoglobin
56
Aerobic respiration
occurs with adequate oxygen
57
Anaerobic
Lack of oxygen
58
Graded Strength Principle
Greater number of fibers contracting, stronger the contraction; based on the fact that skeletal muscles contract with varying degrees of strength at different times
59
Cramps
Muscle spasms that are fatigued or mildly inflamed
60
Convulsions
Abnormal, uncoordinated tetanic contracitons of groups of muscles, brain disturbance

Anatomy & Physiology I (8 decks)

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