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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 4, 5 and 6 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 4, 5 and 6 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fundamental unit of life?

A

Cell

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2
Q

What cell recognizes and destroys non-self cells?

A

Immune Cells

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3
Q

What structure in the cells is associated with the breakdown of foreign materials?

A

Lysosomes

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4
Q

What is the major function of ribosomes?

A

Protein Synthesis

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5
Q

What organelles allow for recycling of amino acids?

A

Lysosomes

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6
Q

What processes proteins to leave the final cistern in a vesicle?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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7
Q

What is the mitochondria responsible for?

A

ATP Production

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8
Q

What are the threads or granules in non dividing cells?

A

Chromatin

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9
Q

What does the nucleolus mainly consist of?

A

rRNA

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10
Q

What are projections that move materials and mucus?

A

Cilia

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11
Q

What are skin cells held by?

A

Desmosomes

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12
Q

What is the cell extension that assists in absorption?

A

Microvilli

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13
Q

What is the tail-like structure that projects the sperm?

A

Flagella

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14
Q

DNA is a major component of what organelle?

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

What is the structure that separates the inside and outside contents?

A

Plasma Membrane

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16
Q

Which organelle is pinched-off from the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Lysosome

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17
Q

What is a nonmembraneous cell?

A

Ribosome

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18
Q

What is a membraneous cell?

A

Lysosome

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19
Q

What is the engine of the cell?

A

Microfilaments

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20
Q

What type of cell connect acts as a “spot weld”?

A

Spot Desmosomes

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21
Q

What are the heart muscle connections?

A

Gap Junctions

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22
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive transport that uses carriers to attract and bind to the solute, change shape and release the solute out the other side of the carrier

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23
Q

What does diffusion require?

A

Concentration Gradient

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24
Q

Peptide Bond bind together molecules of what?

A

Amino Acids

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25
Q

Which lipid is part of Vitamin D?

A

Steroids

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26
Q

The element that is present in all proteins but not carbs is?

A

Nitrogen

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27
Q

Is salts one of the major groups of organic substances?

A

No

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28
Q

How many total amino acids are there?

A

21

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29
Q

How many amino acids can be produced naturally by the body? (Nonessential)

A

13

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30
Q

How many amino acids can NOT be produced naturally? (Essential)

A

8

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31
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

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32
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A

Number, kind, and sequence of amino acids

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33
Q

What is the secondary protein structure?

A

polypeptide is coiled and bent into helices and pleated sheets (motifs)

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34
Q

What is the tertiary protein structure?

A

twisted further, includes domains

35
Q

What are tissue hormones?

A

Prostaglandins

36
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Water-loving

37
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Water-fearing

38
Q

What makes up the bilayers of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

39
Q

What is the formation of sucrose that involves the removal of a water molecule?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

40
Q

What are the 4 major organic groups?

A

Lipids, Proteins, Carbs, and Nucleic Acid

41
Q

What is the final functional shape of the protein?

A

Native State

42
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

43
Q

What is the good cholesterol?

A

High Density Lipids (above 40)

44
Q

What is the bad cholesterol?

A

Low Density Lipids (Below 40)

45
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

46
Q

What is hydrolysis an example of?

A

Catabolism

47
Q

What does Rough ER function in?

A

Protein Synthesis and intracellular transportation

48
Q

What act as identification markers?

A

Glycoproteins

49
Q

What are the smallest cell fibers?

A

Microfilaments

50
Q

What recycles amino acids?

A

Lysosomes

51
Q

What has a double membrane structure that is contoured into cristae?

A

Mitochondria

52
Q

What coordinates the building and breaking apart of microtubules in the cell?

A

Centrosome

53
Q

What is another name for centrosomes?

A

Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)

54
Q

What transport processes requires energy?

A

Active Transport

55
Q

What transport process does NOT require energy?

A

Passive Transport

56
Q

What is the measurable difference in concentration from one area to another?

A

Concentration Gradient

57
Q

What process includes moving materials from low to high concentration?

A

Active Transport

58
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

When the solute is greater on the outside of the cell

59
Q

What is isotonic?

A

When the solute is the same as the cell

60
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

When the solute is less than the cell

61
Q

What is the diffusion of water through a selective permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

62
Q

What is a solute?

A

Dissolved Particles

63
Q

What is the process from high to low concentration?

A

Passive Transport

64
Q

How do you measure potential osmotic pressure?

A

It is not measureable

65
Q

What are water channels that permit rapid osmosis?

A

Aquaporins

66
Q

What uses pumps, such as a calcium or sodium-potassium pumps, for transportation?

A

Active

67
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Where the plasma membrane traps some extracellular material and brings it into the cell in a vesicle

68
Q

What is it when large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane?

A

Phagocytosis

69
Q

What is it when fluid and substances are dissolved in the cell?

A

Pinocytosis

70
Q

What are chemical catalysts that reduce activation energy needed to speed up a reaction?

A

Enzyme

71
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Chemical that reducers the activation energy

72
Q

How do you classify an enzyme?

A

1st part signifies the substrate and ends in -ase

73
Q

What is the affect enzyme action that changes the shape of an enzyme molecule?

A

Allosteric Effector

74
Q

What are the 3 pathways for cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport System

75
Q

What is another name for Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Krebs Cycle

76
Q

Which pathways require oxygen?

A

Krebs Cycle and ETS

77
Q

Which pathway does NOT require oxygen?

A

Glycolysis

78
Q

What are the start and end products of glycolysis?

A

Glucose to Pyruvic Acid

79
Q

What are the start and end products of Krebs Cycle?

A

Pyruvic Acid to NAD

80
Q

What are the start and end products of ETS?

A

NAD to ATP

81
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

82
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria

83
Q

Where does ETS occur?

A

Mitochondria

84
Q

What are functions of enzymes?

A

specific in their actions can alter their function by changing the shape of the molecule, or synthesize as inactive proenzymes.

Anatomy & Physiology I (8 decks)

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