Midterm and final questions (found)

Question 1

3(midterm). Which of the following could be considered a stressor? CHAPTER 6, p.156

A. noise
B. crowding
C. commuting to work
D. a bad relationship
E. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 1

E. All of these answers are correct.

Question 2

37(midterm). Hassles are minor life events that: CHAPTER 6, p.172

A. have a cumulative effect on health and illness.
B. have similar effects on health as chronic stressors.
C. have an objective, but not subjective, component.
D. don’t really affect physical health.
E. don’t actually have any effect on psychological well-being.

Answer 2

A. have a cumulative effect on health and illness.

Question 3

25. The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) axis most closely resembles \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ . 

A. the fight or flight response
B. the tend and befriend response
C. the general adaptation syndrome 
D. primary appraisal 
E. sympathetic arousal

Answer 3

C. the general adaptation syndrome

Question 4

30. The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is:
A. alarm, resistance, exhaustion. 
B. exhaustion, resistance, alarm. 
C. resistance, alarm, exhaustion. 
D. resistance, exhaustion, alarm. 
E. alarm, exhaustion, resistance.

Answer 4

A. alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Question 5

24(midterm). Allostatic load can be assessed by: CHAPTER 6, p.162

A. a high waist-to-hip ratio.
B. problems with memory.
C. decreases in cell-mediated immunity.
D. the inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress.
E. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 5

E. All of these answers are correct.

Question 6

74(final). According to its critics, Selye’s (1956, 1976) model __________ CHAPTER 6, p.158

a. fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time.
b. fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship.
c. places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress.
d. fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress.
e. is inaccurate in that it assumes that people feel stress before it occurs.

Answer 6

d. fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress.

Question 7

35(midterm). The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one’s: CHAPTER 6, p.161

A. current emotional state.
B. perception of the event.
C. coping ability and resources.
D. potential to overcome and profit from the event.
E. current physiological state.

Answer 7

C. coping ability and resources.

Question 8

49(midterm). The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of: CHAPTER 6, p. 160

A. one’s current emotional state.
B. one’s perception of the event.
C. the threat that the event poses.
D. one’s resources to deal with the threat.
E. one’s perceived social support.

Answer 8

B. one’s perception of the event.

Question 9

23(midterm). Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Stressful Life Events (SLE)? CHAPTER 6, p.172

A. It is uncorrelated with illness and health behaviours.
B. It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.
C. It only counts unresolved stressful events.
D. It fails to consider that the number of illnesses experienced over a period of time is more important than the severity and the duration of these illnesses.
E. All of these answers are correct

Answer 9

B. It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.

Question 10

21(midterm). What are the advantages of using a Contextual Threat Interview to assess stress? LECTURE ONLY – CHAPTER 7

A. They assess objective impact.
B. They assess subjective impact.
C. They are culturally sensitive.
D. They assess subjective impact and are culturally sensitive.
E. They assess objective impact and are culturally sensitive.

Answer 10

E. They assess objective impact and are culturally sensitive.

Question 11

28(midterm). The tend-and-befriend response to stress CHAPTER 6, p.159

A. is especially characteristic of females.
B. is related to the release of the stress hormone oxytocin.
C. may be protective of offspring.
D. brings social behaviour into stress processes.
E. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 11

E. All of these answers are correct.

Question 12

12. Current research suggests that perfectionism: CHAPTER 7, p.190

A. is associated with high stress.
B. is associated with the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours.
C. increases risk for mortality among older adults.
D. is harmful for health regardless of what form it takes.
E.is associated with high stress, the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours, and an increase in the risk of mortality among older adults.

Answer 12

E.is associated with high stress, the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours, and an increase in the risk of mortality among older adults.

Question 13

30(midterm). Moderators of the stress experience may have an impact on CHAPTER 7, p.186

A. stress itself.
B. the relationship between stress and illness.
C. the relationship between stress and psychological responses.
D. how much a stressful experience effects other aspects of a person’s life.
E. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 13

E. All of these answers are correct.

Question 14

26(midterm). The consideration of coping as a dynamic process implies that CHAPTER 7, p.187

A. coping involves a wide range of actions and reactions to stress.
B. coping efforts are moderated by personal resources.
C. coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person continues to act on the environment.
D. coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person and the environment are involved in a reciprocal interaction.
E. coping is a particular action that can fluctuate

Answer 14

D. coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person and the environment are involved in a reciprocal interaction.

Question 15

60(final). Research investigating the effectiveness of avoidant and approach coping strategies suggests that _____________ CHAPTER 7, p.195

a. avoidant strategies are not effective for short- and long-term stressors.
b. approach copers may exhibit short-term anxiety but cope well with long-term stressors.
c. the use of approach coping styles may represent a risk factor for negative responses to stressors.
d. both avoidant and approach strategies are equally effective in coping with stress.
e. avoidance strategies are not effective for short-term stressors.

Answer 15

b. approach copers may exhibit short-term anxiety but cope well with long-term stressors.

Question 16

60(final). Research investigating the effectiveness of avoidant and approach coping strategies suggests that _____________ CHAPTER 7, p.195

a. avoidant strategies are not effective for short- and long-term stressors.
b. approach copers may exhibit short-term anxiety but cope well with long-term stressors.
c. the use of approach coping styles may represent a risk factor for negative responses to stressors.
d. both avoidant and approach strategies are equally effective in coping with stress.e. avoidance strategies are not effective for short-term stressors.

Answer 16

b. approach copers may exhibit short-term anxiety but cope well with long-term stressors.

Question 17

38(midterm). Emotion-focused efforts is the most effective coping approach in response to: CHAPTER 7, p.196

A. having two final exams scheduled for the same day.
B. waiting to hear if your application to graduate school has been accepted.
C. receiving a notice that your taxes will be audited by the Canada Revenue Agency next week.
D. knowing that you have not saved enough money to pay your tuition, and it is due in two weeks.
E. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 17

B. waiting to hear if your application to graduate school has been accepted.

Question 18

3(final). An individual with a pessimistic explanatory style is more likely to interpret negative events in terms of _______________ factors. CHAPTER 7, p.189

a. external, unstable, specific
b. external, stable, global
c. internal, unstable, global
d. internal, stable, global
e. internal and stable

Answer 18

d. internal, stable, global

Question 19

2(midterm). The assurance that one is a valuable individual who is cared for is CHAPTER 7, p.204

A. emotional support.
B. tangible assistance.
C. invisible and instrumental support.
D. instrumental support.
E. invisible support.

Answer 19

A. emotional support.

Question 20

46(final). Brissette, Scheier, and Carver (2002) found that university students who were optimists coped more effectively with the transition to university because they were more likely to use _______________ as a coping strategy. CHAPTER 7, p.192

a. denial
b. distancing
c. seeking social support
d. avoidance
e. perceived social support

Answer 20

c. seeking social support

Question 21

37(final). When a supportive companion is present during a stressful situation, research has shown a subdued HPA axis response in participants. This is thought to be due to _______________ CHAPTER 7, p.206

a. the release of oxytocin.
b. the release of cortisol.
c. an increased cardiovascular response.
d. the release of exogenous opioids.
e. a suppressed immune system.

Answer 21

a. the release of oxytocin.

Question 22

7(final). Research indicates that regular exercise may be a useful resource for reducing the adverse effects of stress on health outcomes because exercise __________ CHAPTER 7, p.216

a. appears to suppress the immune system.
b. appears to improve immune function during stress.
c. decreases exogenous opioids.
d. improves cognition.
e. increases endorphin levels, thus masking the effects of stress.

Answer 22

b. appears to improve immune function during stress.

Question 23

38(final). Sarah is taking a stress management class. Her instructor provides a variety of ways in which Sarah can combat her stress. Sarah is instructed to try several of these techniques in order to discover the skills that work best for her. The instructor is using _______________ training. CHAPTER 7, p.215

a. positive self-talk
b. CBT
c. time management
d. stress inoculation
e. inoculation management

Answer 23

d. stress inoculation