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U2 Health Psychology > Lecture 1 - What is Health Psychology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - What is Health Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Health Psychology?

A

The study of how psychological influences contribute to health, illness, and reaction to illness

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2
Q

what is health psychology not

A

clinical psychology

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3
Q

What Might be Appealing about this

Discipline?

A

Applied discipline
• It’s really about BEHAVIOUR CHANGE!
• Can inform many real-life decisions

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4
Q

what is the WHO definition of health

A

WHO, 1948: “A complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.”

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5
Q

This state of optimum health is called what

A

“wellness”.

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6
Q

What Health Psychologists Do

A

Health promotion and maintenance • Prevention and treatment of disease
• Research
• Analyze and improve health care system and health policies
• And many more possibilities

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7
Q

what do heath psychologists research

A
  • Etiology

* Epidemiology

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8
Q

what is etiology

A

(causes of disease)

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9
Q

what is epidemiology

A

(frequency/distribution/determinants of disease in a population)

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10
Q

Are the mind and the body part of the same system? • Or are the mind and the body two separate systems?

A

We have come full circle in answering these questions.

it started with it as one unit, then separate and now again it is one unit

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11
Q

what was the prehistoric period view of the mind and body

A

Early cultures: prehistoric and ancient Egypt
• Mind and body one unit
• Illness caused by evil spirits and Gods
• E.g., trephination

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12
Q

what was the ancient greek view of the mind and body

A

Proposed “humoral theory of illness”

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13
Q

who Proposed “humoral theory of illness”

A

Hippocrates

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14
Q

what is the humoral theory of illness

A

An imbalance of bodily fluids in the body: blood, black bile, yellow
bile, and phlegm in the body
• Said that disease is related to bodily factors but can also impact the mind
• ”good diet and lifestyle” as cure

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15
Q

what was the middle ages (500-1450) view of the mind and body

A
  • Return to supernatural and religious interpretations
  • Illness was punishment for sins
  • Priest was central to healing
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16
Q

what was the renaissance period known for

A

Beginning of the Biomedical Model

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17
Q

explain the view of the Renaissance Period: Beginning of the Biomedical Model

A
  • Religious approach less accepted with advancement of science
  • Disease usually viewed as result of natural causes
  • Reemergence of scientific approach
  • Mind-body became separate
18
Q

with the Renaissance Period, the mind and body were separate– who looked after the body and who looked after the mind

A

Physicians looked after the body

Theologians, philosophers look after the mind

19
Q

what is the biomedical model

A

Dualistic Approach – • Mind and body as separate

• Reliance on physical evidence as only basis for diagnosis and treatment

20
Q

did Freud contribute to some breakdown of the pure biomedical model

A

yes

21
Q

what did Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory involve

A

Conversion Hysteria

22
Q

what is Conversion Hysteria

A

unconscious conflicts can produce physical illness
• Unconscious conflict is converted into a symbolic physical symptom
• E.g. loss of vision

23
Q

what is the current view of the mind and body

A

Moving Towards the Biopsychosocial

Model of Disease

24
Q

explain the Biopsychosocial

Model of Disease

A

We now know (again) …
• Physical health is interwoven with psychological and social environment.
• The mind and the body cannot be separated in matters of health and illness.
• Treatment and prognosis are related to expectations and the patient-practitioner relationship
-> scientific methodologies to find evidence -> growing interest in holistic approach

25
Q

what are the three parts of the Biopsychosocial

Model of Disease

A

biological, psychological, social

26
Q

what is included in the biological part of the Biopsychosocial Model of Disease

A
  • Genetic variability
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Germs, viruses
  • Toxins, etc.
27
Q

what is included in the psychological part of the biopsychosocial Model of Disease

A

behavioural, emotional and cognitive systems

28
Q

what is included in the social part of the biopsychosocial Model of Disease

A
  • Family
  • Society
  • Social Networks
  • etc.
29
Q

what are the two models of health care

A

Biomedical vs.

Biopsychosocial

30
Q

what is the The Biomedical Model

A

(focus on disease)
• All disease can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic
processes.
• (Used to be) dominant model in medicine for the past 300 years

31
Q

what is the The Biopsychosocial Model in Health Psychology

A

(focuses on the system)

• Health and disease are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors.

32
Q

give a comparison of the biomedical model and the BPS model

A

Bio:
reductionistic, single causal factor considered, assumed mind-body dualism, emphasizes illness over health
BPS:
microlevel as well as microlevel, multiple causal factors considered, mind and body inseparable, emphasizes both health and illness

33
Q

How do biological, social, and psychological variables interact?

A

Systems theory

34
Q

what is the systems theory

A

• All levels of organization in any entity are linked to each other
• Change in any one level will affect change in all other levels
E.g., smoking

35
Q

what are the Clinical Implications of the BPS Model

A
  • Diagnosis and treatment must consider all three factors

* The patient-practitioner relationship is extremely important

36
Q

The BPS Model in Action: Understanding addictive behaviours… explain how biological mechanisms, psychological processes and social influences influence alcohol abuse (behaviour)

A

bio: genetic predispositions, alcohol sensitivity
Social influences: stressful events, culture/environment that promotes excessive drinking, individualistic culture that encourages self blame for personal behaviour
Psychological processes: negative thinking, self-defeating beliefs

37
Q

Why did Health Psychology Rise in Prominence? (3 reasons)

A

More Behaviour-Related Diseases and increased acceptance of psychologists, Psychological techniques fit new health consciousness trend and desire for participation.

38
Q

INTERHEART study (2004): Nine risk factors account for 90% of the world’s cardiovascular disease:

A
  • Smoking
  • Bad cholesterol (LDL, triclycerides)
  • High blood pressure (hypertension)
  • Diabetes
  • Size of waistline (abdominal obesity)
  • Psychosocial factors (e.g. depression and stress)
  • Lack of fruits and vegetables
  • Lack of physical exercise
  • Level of alcohol consumption
39
Q

Increased recognition of the value of behaviour change experts’ insights and interventions how?

A

• Treatment effectiveness of CBT – lifestyle changes
• Stronger focus on psychological, social factors that contribute
to disease
• Preventability of diseases through lifestyle changes
• Shift from focus on cure to prevention
• Chronic diseases treatment requirements
• Help with adjustment
• Help with treatment/self-care
• Help families cope
-> Stronger integration of health psychology knowledge into medical practice

40
Q

4 Key Issues - Recap

A
  • By 1980s, better understanding of mind-body relationship.
  • Behaviour stronger and stronger contributor to illness in developed countries.
  • More and more techniques available to change behaviour and improve health.
  • Fits with current trend on health consciousness and desire for participation.
41
Q

Today - Recap

A
  • What is health psychology?
  • Historical development
    • How did the view of the mind-body relationship change over time?
  • Lead to discussion of:
    • Biomedical vs. Biopsychosocial Model
  • Why has health psychology risen in prominence over the past 30 years?

U2 Health Psychology (20 decks)

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