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Pharm 401 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

drug indication

A

condition or disease for which the drug is given

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2
Q

contraindication

A

conditions, diseases, or patients where use of the drug is not indicated

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3
Q

side effects

A

undesired drug effects that usually are not harmful

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4
Q

adverse effects

A

undesired drug effects that may be harmful and require reduction in dosage or use of alternate drugs

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5
Q

toxic effects

A

undesired drug effects that produce serious toxicity and that usually require drug termination and alternate treatment

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6
Q

agonist

A

drug that binds to a specific receptor to produce an effect

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7
Q

antagonist

A

drug that binds to a specific receptor to block the action of a chemical body substance or agonist drug from receptor binding

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8
Q

dose-response curve

A

mathematical curve that plots the intensity of the drug effect as drug dosage is increased

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9
Q

time-response curve

A

mathematical curve that plots the effect of a particular drug dosage over time

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10
Q

EF50

A

a dose that will produce half of the maximal drug response, determined from a dose-response curve

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11
Q

LD50

A

dose that will have a lethal effect on half o f a group of test animals, determined from a lethal dose-response curve

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12
Q

therapeutic index

A

ratio of the LD50 to the ED50, used to predict drug safety

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13
Q

CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

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14
Q

PNS

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves + 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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15
Q

somatic nerves

A

the branches of cranial and spinal nerves that innervate skeletal muscles

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16
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

originate from cranial and sacral spinal nerves

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17
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

originate from thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

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18
Q

beta1 adrenergic receptors

A

located primarily in the heart and cause increased heart rate, force of contraction and atrioventricular conduction

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19
Q

beta2 adrenergic receptors

A

mostly located on smooth muscle and cause relaxation of smooth muscle, especially bronchiolar and uterine smooth muscle

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20
Q

beta3 adrenergic receptors

A

stimulation causes vasodilation and increased blood flow to coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels

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21
Q

alpha adrenergic drugs

A

used clinically to cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels

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22
Q

beta adrenergic drugs

A

used clinically to stimulate the heart, bronchodilate respiratory passageways, and relax the uterus during preterm labor

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23
Q

alpha adrenergic blocking drugs

A

used clinically to lower blood pressure in hypertension and increase urine flow in benign prostatic hyperplasia

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24
Q

beta adrenergic blocking drugs

A

used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, tachycardia, and after myocardial infarction (MI) to reduce mortality

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25
adrenergic neuronal blocking drugs
decrease the synthesis and release of norepinephrine
26
nicotinic-neural receptors
cholinergic receptors on autonomic ganglia
27
nicotinic-muscle receptors
cholinergic receptors on skeletal muscle
28
indirect-acting cholinergic drugs
increase ACH levels at receptors by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
29
anticholinergic drugs
bind to cholinergic receptors and prevent binding of ACH
30
autonomic ganglia
neural synapses between autonomic pre- and postganglionic nerve fibers
31
ganglionic blocking drugs
bind to the Nn receptor and block the effects of ACH at the ganglia
32
cerebrum
gest and uppermost part of the brain that controls all the higher intellectual and motor functions of the body
33
reticular formation
network of nerves and brain areas involved in regulating alertness, wakefulness and sleep
34
limbic system
network of nerves and brain areas involved in emotional and behavioral responses
35
sedatives
drugs used to induce a mild state of CNS depression characterized by both mental and physical calmness
36
hypnotics
drugs used to induce and maintain sleep
37
barbiturates
short, intermediate and long-acting sedative-hypnotics that increase the inhibitory effects of GABA
38
benzodiazepines
short, intermediate and long-acting sedative-hypnotics that increase the inhibitory effects of GABA
39
alcohol
CNS depressant drug
40
psychosis
major mental disorder that involves deterioration of the personality and abnormal behaviors patterns
41
neurosis
involves mental disturbances that are usually caused by apprehension or fear and are characterized by high levels of anxiety and nervousness
42
designer drugs
mostly derivatives of the amphetamines, but that can also cause sensory distortions like the hallucinogens
43
generalized seizures
grand mal or tonic-clonic, myoclonic, absence and status epilepticus
44
partial seizures
simple and complex
45
Parkinson's disease
a neurological movement disorder of the brain involving the basal ganglia
46
dopamine agonists
stimulate DA receptors in the basal ganglia
47
anticholinergic drugs
decrease the activity of ACH
48
afferent nerve
transmits sensory info from peripheral organs to the CNS
49
efferent nerve
carries the appropriate motor response from the CNS to the peripheral organs
50
visceral nerves
the branches of cranial and spinal motor nerves that innervate cardiac and smooth muscle (involuntary) of the internal organs and glands
51
preganglionic nerve fiber
neurons in the ANS that emerge from the central nervous system
52
postganglionic nerve fiber
neurons that travel from the ganglion to the internal organ form
53
autonomic ganglion
preganglionic nerve fiber + postganglionic nerve fiber
54
muscarinic receptors
on the cell membranes of visceral organs and glands and are stimulated by ACH released from parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings
55
nicotinic-nerve receptors
located at the PS and S ganglia and stimulated by ACH released from preganglionic nerve endings to conduct impulses across the autonomic ganglia to postganglionic fibers of both autonomic divisions
56
nicotinic-muscle receptors
located on cell membranes of skeletal muscle and stimulated by ACH from somatic nerve endings to contract skeletal muscle
57
catecholamines
norepinephrine + epinephrine
58
alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
mainly on smooth muscle membranes of arteries, veins, and sphincters of the urinary and gastrointestinal tract; when mulated by NE or EPI, they produce contraction
59
alpha-2 adrenergic receptors
activated by NE and PEI to activate a negative feedback mechanism that reduces and regulates the release of additional NE
60
beta-1 receptors
predominant beta receptors in the heart; when simulated by NE or EPI, increase heart rate and force of contraction
61
beta-2 receptors
predominant beta receptor in the smooth muscle of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscles; when stimulated by EPI, produce vasodilation and bronchodilation
62
sympathomimetics
alpha and beta agonists that produce effects similar to stimulating or mimicking the sympathetic nervous system
63
sympatholytics
alpha, beta, and neuronal blockers that antagonize or decrease sympathetic activity
64
skeletal muscle relaxants
drugs that block the effects of ACH at the NMJ
65
centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants
drugs that inhibit skeletal muscle contraction by blocking conduction within the spinal cord
66
peripheral skeletal muscle relaxants
drugs that inhibit muscle contraction at the NMJ or within the contractile process
67
non-depolarizing blockers
neuromuscular blockers that combine with the nicotinic-muscle receptors but do not stimulate the receptors
68
depolarizing blockers
neuromuscular blockers that inhibit muscle contraction in a two-step process
69
local anesthetics
produce a temporary loss of sensation or feeling in a confided area of the body
70
ester local anesthetics
have a short or moderate duration of action because they are metabolized by enzymes that are present in the blood and skin
71
amide local anesthetics
the longer-acing drugs because these agents metabolize in the liver
72
infiltrative anesthesia
injecting a local anesthetic directly into the tissue; most commonly used local anesthetic technique
73
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
increases SER and NE levels of functional activity in the brain
74
tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
block reuptake of NE and SER into nerve endings

Pharm 401 (10 decks)

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