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Pharm 401 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

drug indication

A

condition or disease for which the drug is given

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2
Q

contraindication

A

conditions, diseases, or patients where use of the drug is not indicated

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3
Q

side effects

A

undesired drug effects that usually are not harmful

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4
Q

adverse effects

A

undesired drug effects that may be harmful and require reduction in dosage or use of alternate drugs

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5
Q

toxic effects

A

undesired drug effects that produce serious toxicity and that usually require drug termination and alternate treatment

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6
Q

agonist

A

drug that binds to a specific receptor to produce an effect

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7
Q

antagonist

A

drug that binds to a specific receptor to block the action of a chemical body substance or agonist drug from receptor binding

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8
Q

dose-response curve

A

mathematical curve that plots the intensity of the drug effect as drug dosage is increased

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9
Q

time-response curve

A

mathematical curve that plots the effect of a particular drug dosage over time

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10
Q

EF50

A

a dose that will produce half of the maximal drug response, determined from a dose-response curve

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11
Q

LD50

A

dose that will have a lethal effect on half o f a group of test animals, determined from a lethal dose-response curve

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12
Q

therapeutic index

A

ratio of the LD50 to the ED50, used to predict drug safety

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13
Q

CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

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14
Q

PNS

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves + 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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15
Q

somatic nerves

A

the branches of cranial and spinal nerves that innervate skeletal muscles

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16
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

originate from cranial and sacral spinal nerves

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17
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

originate from thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

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18
Q

beta1 adrenergic receptors

A

located primarily in the heart and cause increased heart rate, force of contraction and atrioventricular conduction

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19
Q

beta2 adrenergic receptors

A

mostly located on smooth muscle and cause relaxation of smooth muscle, especially bronchiolar and uterine smooth muscle

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20
Q

beta3 adrenergic receptors

A

stimulation causes vasodilation and increased blood flow to coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels

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21
Q

alpha adrenergic drugs

A

used clinically to cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels

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22
Q

beta adrenergic drugs

A

used clinically to stimulate the heart, bronchodilate respiratory passageways, and relax the uterus during preterm labor

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23
Q

alpha adrenergic blocking drugs

A

used clinically to lower blood pressure in hypertension and increase urine flow in benign prostatic hyperplasia

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24
Q

beta adrenergic blocking drugs

A

used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, tachycardia, and after myocardial infarction (MI) to reduce mortality

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25
Q

adrenergic neuronal blocking drugs

A

decrease the synthesis and release of norepinephrine

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26
Q

nicotinic-neural receptors

A

cholinergic receptors on autonomic ganglia

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27
Q

nicotinic-muscle receptors

A

cholinergic receptors on skeletal muscle

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28
Q

indirect-acting cholinergic drugs

A

increase ACH levels at receptors by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase

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29
Q

anticholinergic drugs

A

bind to cholinergic receptors and prevent binding of ACH

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30
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

neural synapses between autonomic pre- and postganglionic nerve fibers

31
Q

ganglionic blocking drugs

A

bind to the Nn receptor and block the effects of ACH at the ganglia

32
Q

cerebrum

A

gest and uppermost part of the brain that controls all the higher intellectual and motor functions of the body

33
Q

reticular formation

A

network of nerves and brain areas involved in regulating alertness, wakefulness and sleep

34
Q

limbic system

A

network of nerves and brain areas involved in emotional and behavioral responses

35
Q

sedatives

A

drugs used to induce a mild state of CNS depression characterized by both mental and physical calmness

36
Q

hypnotics

A

drugs used to induce and maintain sleep

37
Q

barbiturates

A

short, intermediate and long-acting sedative-hypnotics that increase the inhibitory effects of GABA

38
Q

benzodiazepines

A

short, intermediate and long-acting sedative-hypnotics that increase the inhibitory effects of GABA

39
Q

alcohol

A

CNS depressant drug

40
Q

psychosis

A

major mental disorder that involves deterioration of the personality and abnormal behaviors patterns

41
Q

neurosis

A

involves mental disturbances that are usually caused by apprehension or fear and are characterized by high levels of anxiety and nervousness

42
Q

designer drugs

A

mostly derivatives of the amphetamines, but that can also cause sensory distortions like the hallucinogens

43
Q

generalized seizures

A

grand mal or tonic-clonic, myoclonic, absence and status epilepticus

44
Q

partial seizures

A

simple and complex

45
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

a neurological movement disorder of the brain involving the basal ganglia

46
Q

dopamine agonists

A

stimulate DA receptors in the basal ganglia

47
Q

anticholinergic drugs

A

decrease the activity of ACH

48
Q

afferent nerve

A

transmits sensory info from peripheral organs to the CNS

49
Q

efferent nerve

A

carries the appropriate motor response from the CNS to the peripheral organs

50
Q

visceral nerves

A

the branches of cranial and spinal motor nerves that innervate cardiac and smooth muscle (involuntary) of the internal organs and glands

51
Q

preganglionic nerve fiber

A

neurons in the ANS that emerge from the central nervous system

52
Q

postganglionic nerve fiber

A

neurons that travel from the ganglion to the internal organ form

53
Q

autonomic ganglion

A

preganglionic nerve fiber + postganglionic nerve fiber

54
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

on the cell membranes of visceral organs and glands and are stimulated by ACH released from parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings

55
Q

nicotinic-nerve receptors

A

located at the PS and S ganglia and stimulated by ACH released from preganglionic nerve endings to conduct impulses across the autonomic ganglia to postganglionic fibers of both autonomic divisions

56
Q

nicotinic-muscle receptors

A

located on cell membranes of skeletal muscle and stimulated by ACH from somatic nerve endings to contract skeletal muscle

57
Q

catecholamines

A

norepinephrine + epinephrine

58
Q

alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

A

mainly on smooth muscle membranes of arteries, veins, and sphincters of the urinary and gastrointestinal tract; when mulated by NE or EPI, they produce contraction

59
Q

alpha-2 adrenergic receptors

A

activated by NE and PEI to activate a negative feedback mechanism that reduces and regulates the release of additional NE

60
Q

beta-1 receptors

A

predominant beta receptors in the heart; when simulated by NE or EPI, increase heart rate and force of contraction

61
Q

beta-2 receptors

A

predominant beta receptor in the smooth muscle of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscles; when stimulated by EPI, produce vasodilation and bronchodilation

62
Q

sympathomimetics

A

alpha and beta agonists that produce effects similar to stimulating or mimicking the sympathetic nervous system

63
Q

sympatholytics

A

alpha, beta, and neuronal blockers that antagonize or decrease sympathetic activity

64
Q

skeletal muscle relaxants

A

drugs that block the effects of ACH at the NMJ

65
Q

centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants

A

drugs that inhibit skeletal muscle contraction by blocking conduction within the spinal cord

66
Q

peripheral skeletal muscle relaxants

A

drugs that inhibit muscle contraction at the NMJ or within the contractile process

67
Q

non-depolarizing blockers

A

neuromuscular blockers that combine with the nicotinic-muscle receptors but do not stimulate the receptors

68
Q

depolarizing blockers

A

neuromuscular blockers that inhibit muscle contraction in a two-step process

69
Q

local anesthetics

A

produce a temporary loss of sensation or feeling in a confided area of the body

70
Q

ester local anesthetics

A

have a short or moderate duration of action because they are metabolized by enzymes that are present in the blood and skin

71
Q

amide local anesthetics

A

the longer-acing drugs because these agents metabolize in the liver

72
Q

infiltrative anesthesia

A

injecting a local anesthetic directly into the tissue; most commonly used local anesthetic technique

73
Q

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)

A

increases SER and NE levels of functional activity in the brain

74
Q

tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

A

block reuptake of NE and SER into nerve endings

Pharm 401 (10 decks)

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